[Footnote 1:  Drew, Refugee, p. 99.]

[Footnote 2:  Simmons, Men of Mark, p. 406.]

[Footnote 3:  Ibid., p. 432.]

[Footnote 4:  Ibid., p. 469]

[Footnote 5:  Ibid., p. 708.]

[Footnote 6:  Ibid., 930.]

[Footnote 7:  Drew, Refugee, p. 114.]

[Footnote 8:  Simmons, Men of Mark, 428]

[Footnote 9:  Ibid., p. 162]

[Footnote 10:  Ibid., p. 1052]

[Footnote 11:  This is their own statement.]

More schools for slaves existed than white men knew of, for it was difficult to find them.  Fredrika Bremer heard of secret schools for slaves during her visit to Charleston, but she had extreme difficulty in finding such an institution.  When she finally located one and gained admission into its quiet chamber, she noticed in a wretched dark hole a “half-dozen poor children, some of whom had an aspect that testified great stupidity and mere animal life."[1] She was informed, too, that there were in Georgia and Florida planters who had established schools for the education of the children of their slaves with the intention of preparing them for living as “good free human beings."[2] Frances Anne Kemble noted such instances in her diary.[3] The most interesting of these cases was discovered by the Union Army on its march through Georgia.  Unsuspected by the slave power and undeterred by the terrors of the law, a colored woman by the name of Deveaux had for thirty years conducted a Negro school in the city of Savannah.[4]

[Footnote 1:  Bremer, The Homes of the New World, vol. ii., p. 499.]

[Footnote 2:  Ibid., p. 491; Burke, Reminiscences of Georgia, p. 85.]

[Footnote 3:  Kemble, Journal, etc., p. 34.]

[Footnote 4:  Special Report of the U.S.  Com. of Ed., 1871, p. 340.]

The city Negroes of Virginia continued to maintain schools despite the fact that the fear of servile insurrection caused the State to exercise due vigilance in the execution of the laws.  The father of Richard De Baptiste of Fredericksburg made his own residence a school with his children and a few of those of his relatives as pupils.  The work was begun by a Negro and continued by an educated Scotch-Irishman, who had followed the profession of teaching in his native land.  Becoming suspicious that a school of this kind was maintained at the home of De Baptiste, the police watched the place but failed to find sufficient evidence to close the institution before it had done its work.[1]

[Footnote 1:  Simmons, Men of Mark, p. 352.]