[Footnote 1:  Ibid., vol. lxvii., pp. 259 and 343.]

[Footnote 2:  Ibid., vol. lxviii., p. 201.]

[Footnote 3:  Ibid., vol. lxix., p. 31.]

[Footnote 4:  Ibid., vol. lxx., p. 245.]

The education of Negroes was facilitated among the French and Spanish by their liberal attitude toward their slaves.  Many of them were respected for their worth and given some of the privileges of freemen.  Estevanecito, an enlightened slave sent by Niza, the Spanish adventurer, to explore Arizona, was a favored servant of this class.[1] The Latin custom of miscegenation proved to be a still more important factor in the education of Negroes in the colonies.  As the French and Spanish came to America for the purpose of exploitation, leaving their wives behind, many of them, by cohabiting with and marrying colored women, gave rise to an element of mixed breeds.  This was especially true of the Spanish settlements.  They had more persons of this class than any other colonies in America.  The Latins, in contradistinction to the English, generally liberated their mulatto offspring and sometimes recognized them as their equals.  Such Negroes constituted a class of persons who, although they could not aspire to the best in the colony, had a decided advantage over other inhabitants of color.  They often lived in luxury, and, of course, had a few social privileges.  The Code Noir granted freedmen the same rights, privileges, and immunities as those enjoyed by persons born free, with the view that the accomplishment of acquired liberty should have on the former the same effect that the happiness of natural liberty caused in other subjects.[2] As these mixed breeds were later lost, so to speak, among the Latins, it is almost impossible to determine what their circumstances were, and what advantages of education they had.

[Footnote 1:  Bancroft, Arizona and New Mexico, pp. 27-32.]

[Footnote 2:  The Code Noir obliged every planter to have his Negroes instructed and baptized.  It allowed the slave for instruction, worship, and rest not only every Sunday, but every festival usually observed by the Roman Catholic Church.  It did not permit any market to be held on Sundays or holidays.  It prohibited, under severe penalties, all masters and managers from corrupting their female slaves.  It did not allow the Negro husband, wife, or infant children to be sold separately.  It forbade them the use of torture, or immoderate and inhuman punishments.  It obliged the owners to maintain their old and decrepit slaves.  If the Negroes were not fed and clothed as the law prescribed, or if they were in any way cruelly treated, they might apply to the Procureur, who was obliged by his office to protect them.  See Code Noir, pp. 99-100.]