[Footnote 25:  Cnaeus Octavius, the real father of Octavius Caesar, had been praetor and governor of Macedonia, and was intending to stand for the consulship when he died.]

[Footnote 26:  Bambalio is derived from the Greek word [Greek:  bambala] to lisp.]

[Footnote 27:  Julia, the mother of Antonius and sister of Lucius Caesar, was also a native of Aricia.]

[Footnote 28:  He had intended to propose to the senate to declare Octavius a public enemy.  We must recollect that in these orations Cicero, even when he speaks of Caius Caesar, means Octavius.]

[Footnote 29:  It is quite impossible to give a proper idea of Cicero’s meaning here.  He is arguing on the word dignus, from which dignitas is derived.  But we have no means of keeping up the play on the words in English.]

[Footnote 30:  The general proceeding on such occasions being to ask each senator’s opinion separately, which gave those who chose an opportunity for pronouncing some encomium on the person honoured.]

[Footnote 31:  Spartacus was the general of the gladiators and slaves in the Servile war.]

[Footnote 32:  Lepidus had not in reality done any particular service to the republic (he was afterwards one of the triumviri), but he was at the head of the best army in the empire, and so was able to be of the most important service to either party, and, therefore, Cicero hoped to attach him to his side by this compliment.]

[Footnote 33:  It has been already explained that this was the name of one legion.]

[Footnote 34:  The mirmillo was the gladiator who fought with the retiarius; he wore a Gallic helmet with a fish for a crest.]

[Footnote 35:  The English reader must recollect that what is called Gaul in these orations, is Cisalpine Gaul containing what we now call the North of Italy, coming down as far south as Modena and Ravenna.]

[Footnote 36:  After the year B.C. 403 there were two classes of Roman knights, one of which received a horse from the state, and were included in the eighteen centuries of service, the other class, first mentioned by Livy (v. 7) in the account of the siege of Veii, served with their own horses, and instead of having a horse found them, received a certain pay, (three times that of the infantry) and were not included in the eighteen centuries of service.  The original knights, to distinguish them from these latter, are often called equites equo publico, sometimes also ficus vanes or trossuli Vide Smith, Dict.  Ant.  P. 394-396, v. Equites]

[Footnote 37:  He had been one of the septemvirs appointed to preside over the distribution of the lands.]

[Footnote 38:  Janus was the name of a street near the temple of Janus, especially frequented by bankers and usurers.  It was divided into summus, nedus and imus Horace says—­

  Hase Janus summus ab imo
  Edocet [lacuna]
  Postquam omms res mea Janum
  Ad medium fracta cat.