C.  P. I have general precepts for producing belief and exciting feelings.  Since belief is a firm opinion, but feelings are an excitement of the mind either to pleasure, or to vexation, or to fear, or to desire, (for there are all these kinds of feelings, and many divisions of each separate genus,) I adapt all my arrangement to the object of the inquiry.  For the end in a proposition is belief, in a cause, both belief and feeling wherefore, when I have spoken of the cause, in which proposition is involved, I shall have spoken of both.

C.  F. What have you then to say about the cause?

C.  P. That it is divided according to the divisions of hearers.  For they are either listeners, who do nothing more than hear; or judges, that is to say, regulators both of the fact and of the decision; so as either to be delighted or to determine something.  But he decides either concerning the past as a judge, or concerning the future as a senate.  So there are three kinds,—­one of judgment, one of deliberation, one of embellishment; and this last, because it is chiefly employed in panegyric, has its peculiar name from that.

IV. C.  F. What objects shall the orator propose to himself in these three kinds of oratory?

C.  P. In embellishment, his aim must be to give pleasure; in judicial speaking, to excite either the severity or the clemency of the judge; but in persuasion, to excite either the hope or the fear of the assembly which is deliberating.

C.  F. Why then do you choose this place to explain the different kinds of disputes?

C.  P. In order to adapt my principles of arrangement to the object of each separate kind.

C.  F. In what manner?

C.  P. Because in those orations in which pleasure is the object aimed at, the orders of arrangement differ.  For either the degrees of opportunities are preserved, or the divisions of genera; or we ascend from the less to the greater, or we glide down from the greater to the less; or we distinguish between them with a variety of contrasts, when we oppose little things to great ones, simple things to complex ones, things obscure to things which are plain, what is joyful to what is sad, what is incredible to what is probable; all which topics are parts of embellishment.

C.  F. What?  What is your aim in a deliberative speech?

C.  P. There must either be a short opening, or none at all.  For the men who are deliberating are ready for their own sake to hear what you have to say.  And indeed it is not often that there is much to be related; for narration refers to things either present or past, but persuasion has reference to the future.  Wherefore every speech is to be calculated to produce belief, and to excite the feelings.

C.  F. What next?  What is the proper arrangement in judicial speeches?