{9} The sextant is a mathematical instrument by which the different degrees of longitude and latitude are determined, and the hour known.  The chronometers also are set by it.  In order to find the latitude the ship is in, an observation is taken at noon, but only when the sun shines.  This last is absolutely necessary, since it is from the shadow cast upon the figures of the instrument that the reckoning is made.  The longitude can be determined both morning and afternoon, as the sun, in this case, is not necessary.

{11} The heat does not require to be very great in order to melt the pitch in a ship’s seams.  I have seen it become soft, and form bladders, when the thermometer stood at 81.5 in the sun.

{12} Every four hours the state of the wind, how many miles the vessel has made, in fact, every occurrence, is noted down in the log with great exactitude.  The captain is obliged to show this book to the owners of the ship at the conclusion of the voyage.

{13} Some years ago a sailor made an attempt to scale the Sugarloaf.  He succeeded in attaining the summit, but never came down again.  Most likely he made a false step and was precipitated into the sea.

{14} The worthy Lallemand family received her, a few days after her arrival into their house.

{23a} The princess was three weeks old.

{23b} Rockets and small fireworks are always let off at every religious festival, some before the church, and others at a short distance from it.  The most ludicrous part of the affair is, that this is always done in open day.

{27} They are differently paid, according to what they can do.  The usual hire of a maid-servant is from ten to twelve shillings per month; for a cook, twenty-four to forty; for a nurse, thirty-eight to forty; for a skilful labourer, fifty to seventy.

{34a} Truppa is a term used to designate ten mules driven by a negro; in most instances a number of truppas are joined together, and often make up teams or caravans of 100 or 200 mules.  Everything in the Brazils is conveyed upon mules.

{34b} A cord, with a noose at the end; the native inhabitants of South America use it so skilfully that they catch the most savage animals with it.

{38} Fazenda is equivalent to our word “plantation.”

{39} Kabi is African grass, which is planted all over the Brazils, as grass never grows there of its own accord.  It is very high and reed-like.

{40} Rost (roaster) is employed to denote partly a strip of low brushwood, partly the place where a wood has stood previously to being burnt.

{42} All through Brazil, carna secca is one of the principal articles of food, both for whites and blacks.  It comes from Buenos Ayres, and consists of beef cut into long, thin, broad stripes, salted and dried in the open air.

{47} Under the term “whites,” are included not only those Europeans who have lately immigrated, but also the Portuguese, who have been settled in the country for centuries.