On the 27th of June we made our encampment near the miserable little town Attum-Kobri.  Before reaching it, we crossed the river Sab (called by the natives Altum-Su, golden water), by two old Roman bridges.  I saw several similar bridges in Syria.  In both instances they were in good preservation, and will apparently long remain as evidences of the Roman power.  Their wide and lofty arches rested upon massive pillars, and the whole was constructed of large square blocks of stone; the ascent of bridges of this kind is so steep that the animals are obliged to scramble up like cats.

On the 28th of June we reached the town of Erbil (formerly Arbela), where, to my great chagrin, we remained until the evening of the following day.  This little town, which is fortified, is situated upon an isolated hill in the centre of a valley.  We encamped, fortunately, near some houses outside the town, at the foot of the hill.  I found a hut, which was tenanted by some men, two donkeys, and a number of fowls.  The mistress, for a small acknowledgment, provided me a little place, which at least sheltered me from the burning heat of the sun.  Beyond that, I had not the slightest convenience.  As this hut, in comparison with the others, was a complete palace, the whole of the neighbours were constantly collected here.  From early in the morning till late in the evening, when it is the custom to recline upon the terraces, or before the huts, there was always a large party; one came to gossip, others brought meal with them, and kneaded their bread meanwhile, so as not to miss the conversation.  In the background, the children were being washed and freed from vermin, the asses were braying, and the fowls covering everything with dirt.  These, altogether, made the stay in this place more unbearable than even hunger and thirst.  Still, I must say, to the credit of these people, that they behaved with the greatest propriety towards me, although not only women, but a great number of men of the poorest and lowest class, were coming backwards and forwards continually; even the women here left me in quiet.

In the evening, some mutton was cooked in a vessel which just before was full of dirty linen steeped in water.  This was emptied out, and, without cleaning the pot, it was used to prepare the food in the same manner as at the house of my guide.

On the 30th of June we halted at the village of Sab.  We here crossed the great river Sab by means of rafts, the mode of constructing which is certainly very ancient.  They consist of leathern bottles, filled with air, fastened together with poles, and covered with planks, reeds, and rushes.  Our raft had twenty-eight wind-bags, was seven feet broad, nearly as long, and carried two horse-loads and six men.  As our caravan numbered thirty-two loaded animals, the crossing of the river occupied half a day.  Four or five of the animals were tied together and drawn over by a man seated across an air-bag.  The weaker animals, such as the donkeys, had a bag half filled with air tied on their backs.