In May the Duke of Bedford died.  The Duke had been Lord John’s close friend, and had often advised him at the beginning of his career.  He was one of those influential noblemen who watch politics with unflagging interest, but without the smallest desire to take an active part in them.  It was his pride and pleasure to know the ins and outs of a situation perhaps even better than some of the principal actors in it, and his judgment was always at his brother’s service.  On his death Lord John inherited the Ardsalla estate in Ireland.  The loss of his brother precipitated perhaps an intention he had considered for some time of saving his strength by accepting a peerage, and exchanging the strenuous life of the House of Commons for the lighter work of the House of Lords.  The exchange was effected in July, when Lord John became Earl Russell.

    “Very dismal about the peerage,” writes Lady John in her diary,
    “and seeing only the sad side of it....  John made a fine speech on
    Sardinia, perhaps his last in the House of Commons.”

    Lady Minto [55] to Lady John Russell

    July 20, 1861

...It is impossible not to feel very sad in parting with a name which has so long been the rallying point of the Liberal party, the watchword of all those who in our day have fought the good fight, and, whatever name he may bear, it will never carry to English ears the same sound as “Lord John.”  People older than ourselves had looked to it with hope; and in our time, whenever Liberty has been in danger, or truth or justice or the national honour has been attacked, the first question which rose to men’s lips was, “What will Lord John do?"....I remember his first speech on the China War in 1856.  How empty the House was when he rose, how rapidly it filled to overflowing; then the intense silence which followed the rush, and lastly the overpowering cheers from all sides as he went on.  To leave the scene where he has so long wielded at will the, alas! not fierce “democracie” (and it will be milder still without him!) must require immense self-control and self-denial.

[55] Formerly Lady Melgund.  Her husband had now succeeded his father as third Earl of Minto.

    Lord John Russell to Lady Minto

    LONDON, July 23, 1861

MY DEAREST NINA,—­It seems very bad of us not to have explained duly and deliberately that I have the project resolved upon and decided of accepting a peerage.  But there have been many changes in my mind before the final leap was resolved upon.  Forty-seven years of the House of Commons are enough for any man, and imply a degree of wear and tear which those who read the speeches listlessly at the breakfast table have little conception of.  A reply which is to go to Paris, Petersburg, Turin, and Washington requires much presence of mind, and often much previous thought, work, etc.  A calmer