During the later eighties and the early nineties there were some other interstate movements worthy of notice here.  The mineral wealth of the Appalachian mountains was being exploited.  Foreigners, at first, were coming into this country in sufficiently large numbers to meet the demand; but when this supply became inadequate, labor agents appealed to the blacks in the South.  Negroes then flocked to the mining districts of Birmingham, Alabama, and to East Tennessee.  A large number also migrated from North Carolina and Virginia to West Virginia and some few of the same group to Southern Ohio to take the places of those unreasonable strikers who often demanded larger increases in wages than the income of their employers could permit.  Many of these Negroes came to West Virginia as is evidenced by the increase in Negro population of that State.  West Virginia had a Negro population of 17,980 in 1870; 25,886 in 1880; 32,690 in 1890; 43,499 in 1900; and 64,173 in 1910.[25]

[Footnote 1:  Atlantic Monthly, LXIV, p. 222; Nation, XXVIII, pp. 242, 386.]

[Footnote 2:  Thompson, Reconstruction in Georgia, p. 69.]

[Footnote 3:  Williams, History of the Negro Race, II, p. 375.]

[Footnote 4:  Williams, History of the Negro Race, II, p. 374.]

[Footnote 5:  American Journal of Social Science, XI, p. 34.]

[Footnote 6:  Ibid., XI, p. 33.]

[Footnote 7:  Nation, XXVIII, pp. 242, 386.]

[Footnote 8:  Williams, History of the Negro Race, II, p. 378.]

[Footnote 9:  Atlantic Monthly, LXIV, p. 225.]

[Footnote 10:  Ibid., LXIV, p. 226.]

[Footnote 11:  Atlantic Monthly, LXIV, p. 224.]

[Footnote 12:  The Atlantic Monthly, XLIV, p. 223.]

[Footnote 13:  The Vicksburg Daily Commercial, May 6, 1879.]

[Footnote 14:  The Vicksburg Daily Commercial, May 6, 1879.]

[Footnote 15:  Ibid., May 6, 1879.]

[Footnote 16:  Congressional Record, 46th Congress, 2d Session, Vol.  X, p. 104.]

[Footnote 17:  For a detailed statement of Douglass’s views, see the American Journal of Social Science, XI, pp. 1-21.]

[Footnote 18:  American Journal of Social Science, XI, pp. 22-35.]

[Footnote 19:  Williams, History of the Negro, II, p. 379.]

[Footnote 20:  “In Kansas City,” said Sir George Campbell, “and still more in the suburbs of Kansas proper the Negroes are much more numerous than I have yet seen.  On the Kansas side they form quite a large proportion of the population.  They are certainly subject to no indignity or ill usage.  There the Negroes seem to have quite taken to work at trades.”  He saw them doing building work, both alone and assisting white men, and also painting and other tradesmen’s work.  On the Kansas side, he found a Negro blacksmith, with