After the middle of the nineteenth century too the Negroes found conditions a little more favorable to their progress than the generation before.  The aggressive South had by that time so shaped the policy of the nation as not only to force the free States to cease aiding the escape of fugitives but to undertake to impress the northerner into the service of assisting in their recapture as provided in the Fugitive Slave Law.  This repressive measure set a larger number of the people thinking of the Negro as a national problem rather than a local one.  The attitude of the North was then reflected in the personal liberty laws as an answer to this measure and in the increasing sympathy for the Negroes.  During this decade, therefore, more was done in the North to secure to the Negroes better treatment and to give them opportunities for improvement.

[Footnote 1:  Cincinnati Morning Herald, July 17, 1846.]

[Footnote 2:  Woodson, The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, p. 242.]

[Footnote 3:  Turner, The Negro in Pennsylvania, p. 143; Correspondence of Dr. Benjamin Bush, XXXIX, p. 41.]

[Footnote 4:  DuBois, The Philadelphia Negro, pp. 26-27.]

[Footnote 5:  The Journal of Negro History, I, p. 5; and Proceedings of the American Convention of Abolition Societies.]

[Footnote 6:  DuBois and Dill, The Negro American Artisan, p. 36.]

[Footnote 7:  Jay, An Inquiry, pp. 34, 108, 109, 114.]

[Footnote 8:  The Journal of Negro History, I, pp. 20-22.]

[Footnote 9:  Delany, Condition of the Colored People, p. 106.]

[Footnote 10:  The Liberator, July 9, 1835.]

[Footnote 11:  Hammond, Gerrit Smith, pp. 26-27.]

[Footnote 12:  Frothingham, Gerrit Smith, p. 73.]

[Footnote 13:  Delany, Condition of the Colored People, pp. 107-108.]

[Footnote 14:  Ibid., p. 102.]

[Footnote 15:  Ibid., p. 102.]

[Footnote 16:  Ibid., pp. 103-104.]

[Footnote 17:  Delany, Condition of the Colored People, pp. 106-107.]

[Footnote 18:  DuBois, The Philadelphia Negro, p. 31; Report of the Condition of the Free People of Color, 1838; ibid., 1849; and Bacon, Statistics of the Colored People of Philadelphia, 1859.]

[Footnote 19:  Delany, Condition of the Colored People, p. 95.]

[Footnote 20:  DuBois, The Philadelphia Negro, pp. 31-36.]

[Footnote 21:  Delany, Condition of the Colored People, p. 109.]

[Footnote 22:  Ibid., p. 101.]

[Footnote 23:  Ibid., p. 104.]

[Footnote 24:  Ibid., p. 105.]

[Footnote 25:  Ibid., p. 107.]

[Footnote 26:  The Journal of Negro History, I, p. 22.]