“In fact it may be said that the sepoy is a singular animal, especially until he has had time to acquire a proper sense of discipline.  As soon as he has received his red jacket and his gun he thinks he is a different man.  He looks upon himself as a European, and having a very high estimation of this qualification, he thinks he has the right to despise all the country people, whom he treats as Kaffirs and wretched negroes, though he is often just as black as they are.  In every place I have been I have remarked that the inhabitants have less fear of the European soldier, who in his disorderly behaviour sometimes shows an amount of generosity which they would expect in vain from a sepoy.”

Law has left the following description of Lucknow:—­

“Lucknow, capital of the Subah[106] so called, is 160 miles north of Allahabad, on the other side of the Ganges, and about 44 miles from that river.  The country is beautiful and of great fertility, but what can one expect from the best land without cultivation?  It was particularly the fate of this province and of a large portion of Oudh to have been exhausted by the wars of Mansur Ali Khan.[107] That prince at his death left the Treasury empty and a quantity of debts.  Suja-ud-daula, his successor, thought he could satisfy his creditors, all of them officers of the army, by giving them orders upon several of the large estates.  This method was too slow for these military gentlemen.  In a short time every officer had become the Farmer,[108] or rather the Tyrant, of the villages abandoned to him.  Forcible executions quickly reimbursed him to an extent greater than his claim, but the country suffered.  The ill-used inhabitants left it, and the land remained uncultivated.  This might have been repaired.  The good order established by Suja-ud-daula commenced to bring the inhabitants back when an evil, against which human prudence was powerless, achieved their total destruction.  For two whole years clouds of locusts traversed the country regularly with the Monsoon,[109] and reduced the hopes of the cultivator to nothing.  When two days from Lucknow, we ourselves saw the ravages committed by this insect.  It was perfect weather; suddenly we saw the sky overcast; a darkness like that of a total eclipse spread itself abroad and lasted a good hour.  In less than no time we saw the trees under which we were camped stripped of their leaves.  The next day as we journeyed we saw that the same devastation had been produced for a distance of ten miles.  The grass on the roads and every green thing in the fields were eaten away down to the roots.  This recurrent plague had driven away the inhabitants, even those who had survived the exactions of the military.  Towns and villages were abandoned; the small number of people who remained—­I am speaking without exaggeration—­only served to augment the horror of this solitude.  We saw nothing but spectres.

“The state of the people of Lucknow