which had so long existed between the two countries.  Every view which the subject admitted of was thought to have justified this conclusion.  Great losses had been sustained by citizens of the United States from Spanish cruisers more than twenty years before, which had not been redressed.  These losses had been acknowledged and provided for by a treaty as far back as the year 1802, which, although concluded at Madrid, was not then ratified by the Government of Spain, nor since, until the last year, when it was suspended by the late treaty, a more satisfactory provision to both parties, as was presumed, having been made for them.  Other differences had arisen in this long interval, affecting their highest interests, which were likewise provided for by this last treaty.  The treaty itself was formed on great consideration and a thorough knowledge of all circumstances, the subject-matter of every article having been for years under discussion and repeated references having been made by the minister of Spain to his Government on the points respecting which the greatest difference of opinion prevailed.  It was formed by a minister duly authorized for the purpose, who had represented his Government in the United States and been employed in this long-protracted negotiation several years, and who, it is not denied, kept strictly within the letter of his instructions.  The faith of Spain was therefore pledged, under circumstances of peculiar force and solemnity, for its ratification.  On the part of the United States this treaty was evidently acceded to in a spirit of conciliation and concession.  The indemnity for injuries and losses so long before sustained, and now again acknowledged and provided for, was to be paid by them without becoming a charge on the treasury of Spain.  For territory ceded by Spain other territory of great value, to which our claim was believed to be well founded, was ceded by the United States, and in a quarter more interesting to her.  This cession was nevertheless received as the means of indemnifying our citizens in a considerable sum, the presumed amount of their losses.  Other considerations of great weight urged the cession of this territory by Spain.  It was surrounded by the Territories of the United States on every side except on that of the ocean.  Spain had lost her authority over it, and, falling into the hands of adventurers connected with the savages, it was made the means of unceasing annoyance and injury to our Union in many of its most essential interests.  By this cession, then, Spain ceded a territory in reality of no value to her and obtained concessions of the highest importance by the settlement of long-standing differences with the United States affecting their respective claims and limits, and likewise relieved herself from the obligation of a treaty relating to it which she had failed to fulfill, and also from the responsibility incident to the most flagrant and pernicious abuses of her rights where she could not support her authority.