Now, the map represents the ground as nearly as it can be represented on a flat piece of paper.  If you are standing up. facing the north, your right hand will be in the east, your left in the west, and your back to the south.  It is the same with a map; if you look across it in the direction of the arrow—­that is, toward its north—­your right hand will be toward what is east on the map; your left hand to the west; the south will be at the bottom of the map.

There is another kind of an arrow that sometimes appears on a map.  It is like the one in figure 2, section 1, and points not to the true north but to the magnetic north, which is the north of the compass.  Though the compass needle, and therefore the arrow that represents it on the map, does not point exactly north, the deviation is, from a military point of view, slight, and appreciable error will rarely result through the use of the magnetic instead of the true north in the solution of any military problems.

[Illustration:  Fig. 1.  Fig. 2.  Fig. 3.  Fig. 4.  Fig. 5.]

Should you be curious to know the exact deviation, consult your local surveyor or any civil engineer.

Both arrows may appear on your map.  In that case disregard the magnetic arrow unless you are using the map in connection with a compass.

If a map is being used on the ground, the first thing to be done is to put the lines of the map parallel to the real outlines of the ground forms, and roads, fences, railroads, etc., that the map shows; for the making of a map is no more than the drawing on paper of lines parallel to and proportional in length to real directions and distances on the ground.

For instance, the road between two places runs due north and south.  Then on the map a line representing the road will be parallel to the arrow showing the north and will be proportional in length to the real road.  In this way a map is a picture, or, better, a bare outline sketch; and, as we can make out a picture, though it be upside down, or crooked on the wall, so we call use a map that is upside down or not parallel to the real ground forms.  But it is easier to make out both the picture and the map if their lines are parallel to what they represent.  So in using a map on the ground we always put the lines parallel to the actual features they show.  This is easy if the map has an arrow.

If the map has no arrow, you must locate objects or features on the ground, and on the map, their representations.  Draw on the map a line connecting any two of the features; place this line parallel to all imaginary line through the two actual features located, and your map will be correctly placed.  Look to it that you do not reverse on the map the positions of the two objects or features, or your map will be exactly upside down.