in order to do honor to those who gave them as well as to ensure the orderliness of the multitude and to seem to take an interest in their celebration.  Really he did not care in the least about anything of the kind, nor did he have the reputation of being enthusiastic in these matters.  In every way he was so fair and equal that when the populace once desired that a certain dancer be set free he would not approve the proposal until the man’s master had been persuaded and received the value of his chattel.  His intercourse with his companions was like that between private individuals:  he helped them when they were sued and joined them in the ceremony of sacrifice; he visited them when they were sick, taking no guard into the room with him; over one of them who died he himself delivered the funeral oration.

[-12-] Moreover, he bade his mother behave in a similar manner, so far as it was proper for her to do so, partly that she might imitate him and partly to prevent her becoming overproud.  She occupied a position of great prominence, far above all women of former time, so that she could at any time receive the senate and such of the people as so wished to greet her in her house.  This was also inscribed in the public records.  The letters of Tiberius bore for a time her name also and were written by both with equal authority.  Except that she never ventured to enter the senate or the camps or the public assemblies she undertook to man age everything like a sole ruler.  In the time of Augustus she had had great influence and she declared that it was she who made Tiberius emperor.  Consequently she was not satisfied to rule on equal terms with him, but wished to assert a superiority over him.  In this way many measures out of the ordinary were introduced and many persons voted that she should be called Mother of her Country, many others that she should he termed Parent.  Others proposed that Tiberius should receive his name from her, that just as the Greeks were called by their father’s name so he should be called by his mother’s.  This vexed him and he neither ratified the honors voted her (save a very few) nor allowed her any further unusual freedom of action.  For instance, she had once dedicated in her house an image to Augustus and in honor of the event wished to entertain the senate and the knights together with their wives, but he would not grant her permission to carry out any part of this program until the senate had voted it, and not even then to receive the men at dinner.  Instead, he entertained the latter and she attended to the women.  Finally, he removed her entirely from the public sphere, allowing her to direct affairs within doors; then, as she was troublesome even in this capacity, he proceeded to absent himself from the City and avoided her in every way possible.  It was chiefly on her account that he removed to Capreae.—­This is the tradition that obtains about Livia.