has been sent to Germany for the study of German methods.  Ernst Marre surmises that German will doubtless become compulsory even in the Turkish intermediate (secondary) schools.  In April 1917, the first stone of the ‘House of Friendship’ was laid at Constantinople, the object of which institution is to create among Turkish students an interest in everything German, while earlier in the year arrangements were made for 10,000 Turkish youths to go to Germany to be taught trades.  These I imagine were unfit for military service.  With regard to such a scheme Halil Haled Bey praises the arrangement for the education of Turks in Germany.  When they used to go to France, he tells us, ’they lost their religion’ (certainly Prussian Got is nearer akin to Turkish Allah) ’and returned home unpatriotic and useless.  In Germany they will have access to suitable religious literature’ (Gott!) ’and must adopt all they see good in German methods without losing their original characteristics.’  Comment on this script is needless.  The hand is the hand of Halil Haled Bey, but the voice is the voice of Potsdam.  Occasionally, but rarely, Austrian competition is seen.  Professor Schmoller, in an Austrian quarterly review, shows jealousy of German influence, and we find, in October 1916, an Ottoman-Austrian college started at Vienna for 250 pupils of the Ottoman Empire.  But Germany has 10,000 in Berlin.  At Adana (where are the German irrigation works) the German-Turkish Society has opened a German school of 300, while, reciprocally, courses in Turkish have been organised at Berlin for the sake of future German colonists.  In Constantinople the Tanin announces a course of lectures to be held by the Turco-German Friendship Society.  Professor von Marx discoursed last April on foreign influence and the development of nations, with special reference to Turkey and the parallel case of Germany.  A few months later we find Hilmet Nazim Bey, official head of the Turkish press, proceeding to Berlin to learn German press methods.  A number of editors of Turkish papers will follow him, and soon, no doubt, the Turkish press will rival Cologne and Frankfort.

So much for German education, but her penetrative power extends into every branch of industry and economics.  In November 1916, a Munich expert was put in charge of the College of Forestry, and an economic society was started in Constantinople on German lines with German instructors.  Inoculation against small-pox, typhoid, and cholera was made compulsory; and we find that the Turkish Ministers of Posts, of Justice, and of Commerce, figureheads all of them, have Germans as their acting Ministers.  In the same year a German was appointed as expert for silkworm breeding and for the cultivation of beet.  Practically all the railways in Asia Minor are pure German concerns by right of purchase.  Germany owns the Anatolian railway concession (originally British), with right to build to Angora and Konia; the Bagdad railway concession,