At Pisa he had peculiar interests.  The University, which Lorenzo “il Magnifico” had refounded, had been abandoned by his successors and was closed.  Cosimo took the matter up:  he re-established all that had been done by his illustrious predecessor, and endowed a number of professorial chairs—­especially in chemistry, wherein he was himself an ardent student and sapient expert—­and kindred sciences, and founded scholarships or apprenticeships for youths of every station.

The climate of Pisa suited Duchess Eleanora and young Don Giovanni—­who was a delicate lad—­better far than that of Florence; it was sedative and not so rigorous in winter as that of the higher Val d’Arno.  Then, too, they were there within easy reach of their favourite seaside residence, Livorno, in whose harbour rode constantly galleons of war from Spain flying the Duchess’ own dear country’s ensign.

Cosimo and his family of course had many other distractions from the affairs of State.  In addition to his attainments as a chemist, in which science he especially interested his eldest son, Francesco, he excelled in his knowledge of botany.  With passionate devotion to an attractive subject he taught his children the nature and the use of all growing things.  At the Pitti Palace he had his laboratories.

Printing and the printing-press found in Cosimo an ardent patron.  Away in the grounds of the Casino di Cosimo—­“Il Padre della Patria”—­within the confines of the monastery of San Marco, he printed, bound, and published, literary works of all kinds.  Torrentino, Paolo Giovio, Scipione Ammirato, Benedetto Vasari, Filippo de’ Nerli, Vincenzio Borghini, and many other writers, printers, and critics, collectors, forgathered at the Ducal studios.

Architecture and the embellishment of the city had also Cosimo’s active sympathy:  piazzas, bridges, fountains, statues, still bear the marks of his supervision.  Benvenuto Cellini, Michael Angelo Buonarroti, Baccio Bandinelli, Giovanni da Bologna, Bernardo Buonlatenti, Francesco Ferrucci, Tribolo, Giorgio Vasari, were among his proteges and personal friends.

In all these enterprises he shared his pleasures with his sons, and so the years passed on with rays of brilliant sunshine piercing the clouds of darkling deeds.  Alexandre Dumas has well summed up the character of Cosimo de’ Medici:  “He had,” he says, “all the vices which rendered his private life sombre, and all the virtues which made his life in public renowned for splendour; whilst his family experienced unexampled misfortune, his people rejoiced in prosperity and gladness.”

Perhaps in the delights of music and dancing and in the invigorating exercises of the chase, Cosimo found his best-loved relaxation.  No Florentine valued more thoroughly, and shared more frequently than he, in the layman’s privilege of assisting in the choir of the Duomo at the singing of the “Hours.”  Musical reunions in the gardens of the Pitti Palace were of constant recurrence, where he and his children danced and sang to their hearts’ content, amid the plaudits of the company.