I am not aware that either Sir Robert Ball or Sir George Darwin have adduced this highly volcanic condition of the moon’s surface as a phenomenon which can only be explained by our satellite having been thrown off a very much larger body, whose gravitative force was sufficient to acquire and retain the enormous quantity of gases and of water which we possess, and which are absolutely essential for that special form of cone-building volcanic action which the moon exhibits in so pre-eminent a degree.  Yet it seems to me clear, that some such hypothetical origin for our satellite would have had to be assumed if Sir George Darwin had not deduced it by means of purely mathematical argument based upon astronomical facts.

Returning now to the problem of the moon’s temperature, I think the phenomena this presents may be in part due to the mode of formation here described.  For, its entire surface being the result of long-continued gaseous explosions, all the volcanic products—­scoriae, pumice, and ashes—­would necessarily be highly porous throughout; and, never having been compacted by water-action, as on the earth, and there having been no winds to carry the finer dust so as to fill up their pores and fissures, the whole of the surface material to a very considerable depth must be loose and porous to a high degree.  This condition has been further increased owing to the small power of gravity and the extreme irregularity of the surface, consisting very largely of lofty cones and ridges very loosely piled up to enormous heights.

Now this condition of the substance of the moon’s surface is such as would produce a high specific heat, so that it would absorb a large amount of heat in proportion to the rise of temperature produced, the heat being conducted downwards to a considerable depth.  Owing, however, to the total absence of atmosphere radiation would very rapidly cool the surface, but afterwards more slowly, both on account of the action of Stefan’s law and because the heat stored up in the deeper portions could be carried to the surface by conduction only, and with extreme slowness.

Very’s Researches on the Moon’s Heat.

The results of the eclipse observations are supported by the detailed examination of the surface-temperature of the moon by Mr. Very in his Prize Essay on the Distribution of the Moon’s Heat (published by the Utrecht Society of Arts and Sciences in 1891).  He shows, by a diagram of the ‘Phase-curve,’ that at the commencement of the Lunar day the surface just within the illuminated limb has acquired about 1/7 of its maximum temperature, or about 70 deg.  F. abs.  As the surface exposed to the Bolometer at each observation is about 1/30 of the moon’s surface, and in order to ensure accuracy the instrument has to be directed to a spot lying wholly within the edge of the moon, it is evident that the surface measured has already been for several hours exposed to oblique