is a habit which is forced upon them.  The horse goes on drawing his cart quite contentedly, without having to be urged on:  the motion is the continued effect of those strokes of the whip, which urged him on at first:  by the law of inertia they have become perpetuated as habit.  All this is really more than a mere parable:  it is the underlying identity of the will at very different degrees of its objectivation, in virtue of which the same law of motion takes such different forms.

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Vive muchos anos is the ordinary greeting in Spain, and all over the earth it is quite customary to wish people a long life.  It is presumably not a knowledge of life which directs such a wish; it is rather knowledge of what man is in his inmost nature, the will to live.

The wish which everyone has that he may be remembered after his death,—­a wish which rises to the longing for posthumous glory in the case of those whose aims are high,—­seems to me to spring from this clinging to life.  When the time comes which cuts a man off from every possibility of real existence, he strives after a life which is still attainable, even though it be a shadowy and ideal one.

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The deep grief we feel at the loss of a friend arises from the feeling that in every individual there is something which no words can express, something which is peculiarly his own and therefore irreparable. Omne individuum ineffabile.

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We may come to look upon the death of our enemies and adversaries, even long after it has occurred, with just as much regret as we feel for that of our friends, viz., when we miss them as witnesses of our brilliant success.

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That the sudden announcement of a very happy event may easily prove fatal rests upon the fact that happiness and misery depend merely on the proportion which our claims bear to what we get.  Accordingly, the good things we possess, or are certain of getting, are not felt to be such; because all pleasure is in fact of a negative nature and effects the relief of pain, while pain or evil is what is really positive; it is the object of immediate sensation.  With the possession or certain expectation of good things our demands rises, and increases our capacity for further possession and larger expectations.  But if we are depressed by continual misfortune, and our claims reduced to a minimum, the sudden advent of happiness finds no capacity for enjoying it.  Neutralized by an absence of pre-existing claims, its effects are apparently positive, and so its whole force is brought into play; hence it may possibly break our feelings, i.e., be fatal to them.  And so, as is well known, one must be careful in announcing great happiness.  First, one must get the person to hope for it, then open up the prospect of it, then communicate part