A republic ought, therefore, to provide by its ordinances that none of its citizens shall, under colour of doing good, have it in their power to do evil, but shall be suffered to acquire such influence only as may aid and not injure freedom.  How this may be done, shall presently be explained.

[Footnote 1:  Quod omnia mala exempla ex bonis initiis orta sunt. (Sall.  Cat. 51.)]

CHAPTER XLVII.—­That though Men deceive themselves in Generalities, in Particulars they judge truly.

The commons of Rome having, as I have said, grown disgusted with the consular name, and desiring either that men of plebeian birth should be admitted to the office or its authority be restricted, the nobles, to prevent its degradation in either of these two ways, proposed a middle course, whereby four tribunes, who might either be plebeians or nobles, were to be created with consular authority.  This compromise satisfied the commons, who thought they would thus get rid of the consulship, and secure the highest offices of the State for their own order.  But here a circumstance happened worth noting.  When the four tribunes came to be chosen, the people, who had it in their power to choose all from the commons, chose all from the nobles.  With respect to which election Titus Livius observes, that “the result showed that the people when declaring their honest judgment after controversy was over, were governed by a different spirit from that which had inspired them while contending for their liberties and for a share in public honours.”  The reason for this I believe to be, that men deceive themselves more readily in generals than in particulars.  To the commons of Rome it seemed, in the abstract, that they had every right to be admitted to the consulship, since their party in the city was the more numerous, since they bore the greater share of danger in their wars, and since it was they who by their valour kept Rome free and made her powerful.  And because it appeared to them, as I have said, that their desire was a reasonable one, they were resolved to satisfy it at all hazards.  But when they had to form a particular judgment on the men of their own party, they recognized their defects, and decided that individually no one of them was deserving of what, collectively, they seemed entitled to; and being ashamed of them, turned to bestow their honours on those who deserved them.  Of which decision Titus Livius, speaking with due admiration, says, “Where shall we now find in any one man, that modesty, moderation, and magnanimity which were then common to the entire people?”