declared that each Government would lend its diplomatic support to the other in executing the clauses relative to Egypt and Morocco.[21] Of the secret Articles two (Nos. 3 and 4) related to Spain, defining the territory which she was to receive ’whenever the Sultan ceases to exercise authority over it,’ and providing that the Anglo-French agreement would hold good even if Spain declined this arrangement.  Article 1 stipulated that, if either Government found itself constrained, by the force of circumstances, to modify its policy in respect to Egypt or Morocco, nevertheless the fourth, sixth, and seventh Articles of the public declaration would remain intact; that is, each would under all circumstances maintain the principle of ’commercial liberty,’ and would permit the free passage of the Suez Canal and the Straits of Gibraltar.  In Article 2 England, while disclaiming any intention to alter the system of Capitulations or the judicial organization of Egypt, reserved the right to reform the Egyptian legislative system on the model of other civilized countries; and France agreed on condition that she should not be impeded from making similar reforms in Morocco.  The fifth Article related to the Egyptian national debt.

Notes: 

[Footnote 10:  Quoted from Headlam’s Bismarck, p. 444.]

[Footnote 11:  Correspondence respecting the European Crisis (Cd. 7467), No. 85.  Sir E. Goschen to Sir E. Grey, July 29, 1914.  See infra, Appendix II.]

[Footnote 12:  For these agreements see The Times, April 12, 1904, and November 25, 1911.  See note at end of this chapter.]

[Footnote 13:  White Paper, Morocco No. 1 (1906).]

[Footnote 14:  Correspondence, No. 105 (Enclosure 1).  Sir E. Grey to M. Cambon, November 22, 1912.  See Appendix II.]

[Footnote 15:  Correspondence, No. 87.  Sir E. Grey to Sir F. Bertie, July 29, 1914.]

[Footnote 16:  Times, July 7, 1911.]

[Footnote 17:  Times, July 27, 1911.]

[Footnote 18:  Times, July 22, 1911.]

[Footnote 19:  Correspondence, p. 57 (Enclosure 1 in No. 105).  See Appendix II.]

[Footnote 20:  Ibid. p. 57 (Enclosure 2 in No. 105).]

[Footnote 21:  Times, April 12, 1904.]

CHAPTER III

THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN POLICY

Until the year 1890 Russia and Germany had been in close touch.  Dynastic connexions united the two imperial houses; and the common policy of repression of Polish nationality—­the fatal legacy of the days of Frederic the Great and Catharine II—­united the two empires.  National sentiment in Russia was, however, always anti-German; and as early as 1885 Balkan affairs began to draw the Russian Government away from Germany.  In 1890 Bismarck fell; and under William II German policy left the Russian connexion, and in close touch with Austria embarked on Balkan adventures which ran counter to Russian aims, while Russia on her side turned to new allies.