[Footnote 45:  This unpopularity had been aggravated by another measure which was among the last acts of Mr. Grenville’s ministry.  The Mutiny Act in the Colonies was renewed for two years at a time, and, at its renewal in the spring of 1765, a clause was added which required the Colonists to furnish the troops with “fire, candles, vinegar, salt, bedding, utensils for cooking, and liquors, such as beer, cider, and rum.”  The Assemblies of several States passed resolutions strongly condemning this new imposition; but, as the dissatisfaction did not lead to any overt acts of disturbance, it seems to have been unnoticed in England at the time, or the clause would probably have been repealed by Lord Rockingham; and eventually the Assembly of New York seems to have withdrawn its objections to it, presenting an address to Sir H. Moore, the Governor, in which “they declared their intention of making the required provision for the troops.”—­Lord E. Fitzmaurice, Life of Lord Shelburne, ii., 61.]

[Footnote 46:  The “Memoirs of Judge Livingstone” record his expression of opinion as early as 1773, that “it was intolerable that a continent like America should be governed by a little island three thousand miles distant.”  “America,” said he, “must and will be independent.”  And in the “Memoirs of General Lee” we find him speaking to Mr. Patrick Henry, who in 1766 had been one of the most violent of all the denouncers of the English policy (see ante, p. 63), of “independence” as “a golden castle in the air which he had long dreamed of.”]

[Footnote 47:  See the whole speech, “Parliamentary History,” xvi., 853.  Many of the taxes he denounced as so injurious to the British manufacturers, “that it must astonish any reasonable man to think how so preposterous a law could originally obtain existence from a British Legislature.”]

[Footnote 48:  The division was:  for the amendment, 142; against it, 204.]

[Footnote 49:  The words of the “preamble,” on which Burke dwelt in 1774, were:  “Whereas it is expedient that a revenue should be raised in your Majesty’s dominions in America for making a more certain and adequate provision for defraying the charge of the administration of justice and support of civil government in such provinces where it shall be found necessary, and toward farther defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing:  the said dominions, be it enacted,” etc.]

[Footnote 50:  “Memoirs and Correspondence of Jefferson.”  Quoted by Lord Stanhope, “History of England,” vi., 14.]

[Footnote 51:  At Lexington, April 19, 1775.]