North’s dismissal of him from office.  The debates, both in the whole House and in committee, were long and earnest.  Some of the ministerial underlings were not ashamed to deny the necessity of any alteration in the existing practice; but their more favorite argument was founded on the impropriety of the House “delegating its authority to a committee,” which was asserted to be “an essential alteration of the constitution of the House of Commons.”  Lord North himself had too keen an instinct of propriety to deny the existence of a great evil, and contented himself with pleading for time for farther consideration; while the Attorney-general confined his objections to some details of the bill, which it would be easy to amend.  Others, with too accurate a foresight, doubted the efficacy of the measure, and prophesied that the additional sanction of the oath, by which its framer hoped to bind the committees to a just and honest decision, would, “like oaths of office and Custom-house oaths, soon fall into matters of form, and lose all sanction, and so make bad worse.”  On the other hand, besides the arguments founded on the admitted greatness of the evil to be remedied, it was shown that the institution of committees, such as the bill proposed the appointment of, was sanctioned by numerous precedents; and though the committees—­sometimes consisting of as many as two hundred members—­were by far too large to make it probable that all would bestow a careful attention on the whole case, there was “nothing in the journals of the House to show that their decisions were not regarded as final, or as requiring no subsequent confirmation from the whole House.”  Generally speaking, Lord North could trust the steadiness of his majority; but, to his great surprise, on this occasion he found himself deserted by the country gentlemen, who voted in a body for the bill, although their spokesman, Sir W. Bagot, had been in no slight degree offended by some remarks of Burke, who, with a strange imprudence, had claimed a monopoly of the title of “friends of the constitution” for himself and his party, and had sneered at the country gentlemen, as “statesmen of a very different description, though, by a late description given of them, a Tory was now the best species of Whig.”  And the union of the two bodies proved irresistible; the bill was carried by a majority of sixty-two, and the government did not venture to carry on their resistance to it in the House of Lords, any interference by which would, indeed, have been resented by the Commons, as a violation of their privileges.

At first the duration of the bill was limited to seven years; but in 1774 it was made perpetual by a still larger majority, the experience of its working having converted many who had at first opposed it, but who now bore willing testimony to its efficacy.  Unhappily, though the House could make the bill perpetual, at least till formally repealed, it could not invest its good effects with equal durability.  After