ancient demesnes, shall forfeit his honours. [624]As some dignities shall be hereditary, so some again by election, or by gift (besides free officers, pensions, annuities,) like our bishoprics, prebends, the Bassa’s palaces in Turkey, the [625]procurator’s houses and offices in Venice, which, like the golden apple, shall be given to the worthiest, and best deserving both in war and peace, as a reward of their worth and good service, as so many goals for all to aim at, (honos alit artes) and encouragements to others.  For I hate these severe, unnatural, harsh, German, French, and Venetian decrees, which exclude plebeians from honours, be they never so wise, rich, virtuous, valiant, and well qualified, they must not be patricians, but keep their own rank, this is naturae bellum inferre, odious to God and men, I abhor it.  My form of government shall be monarchical.

[626] “nunquam libertas gratior extat,
        Quam sub Rege pio,” &c.

few laws, but those severely kept, plainly put down, and in the mother tongue, that every man may understand.  Every city shall have a peculiar trade or privilege, by which it shall be chiefly maintained:  [627]and parents shall teach their children one of three at least, bring up and instruct them in the mysteries of their own trade.  In each town these several tradesmen shall be so aptly disposed, as they shall free the rest from danger or offence:  fire-trades, as smiths, forge-men, brewers, bakers, metal-men, &c., shall dwell apart by themselves:  dyers, tanners, fellmongers, and such as use water in convenient places by themselves:  noisome or fulsome for bad smells, as butchers’ slaughterhouses, chandlers, curriers, in remote places, and some back lanes.  Fraternities and companies, I approve of, as merchants’ bourses, colleges of druggists, physicians, musicians, &c., but all trades to be rated in the sale of wares, as our clerks of the market do bakers and brewers; corn itself, what scarcity soever shall come, not to extend such a price.  Of such wares as are transported or brought in, [628]if they be necessary, commodious, and such as nearly concern man’s life, as corn, wood, coal, &c., and such provision we cannot want, I will have little or no custom paid, no taxes; but for such things as are for pleasure, delight, or ornament, as wine, spice, tobacco, silk, velvet, cloth of gold, lace, jewels, &c., a greater impost.  I will have certain ships sent out for new discoveries every year, [629]and some discreet men appointed to travel into all neighbouring kingdoms by land, which shall observe what artificial inventions and good laws are in other countries, customs, alterations, or aught else, concerning war or peace, which may tend to the common good.  Ecclesiastical discipline, penes Episcopos, subordinate as the other.  No impropriations, no lay patrons of church livings, or one private man, but common societies, corporations, &c., and those rectors of benefices to be chosen out of the Universities,