[191] The names of these two localities, on Coello’s map, are confounded.  Burauen lies south of Dagami.

[192] 62.5 Cent. or 144.5 Fahr.—­C.

[193] A small river enters the sea 950 brazas south of the tower of Abuyog.

[194] Gobius giuris Buch.  Ham.

[195] The lake at that time had but one outlet, but in the wet season it may be in connection with the Mayo, which, at its north-east side, is quite flat.

[196] Or some thirty-eight yards if the old Dutch ell is meant.—­C.

[197] Pintados, or Bisayas, according to a native word denoting the same, must be the inhabitants of the islands between Luzon and Mindanao, and must have been so named by the Spaniards from their practice of tattooing themselves.  Crawfurd ("Dict.” 339) thinks these facts not firmly established, and they are certainly not mentioned by Pigafetta; who, however, writes, p. 80:—­“He (the king of Zubut) was ... painted in various ways with fire.”  Purchas ("Pilgrimage,” fo. i. 603)—­“The king of Zubut has his skinne painted with a hot iron pensill;” and Morga, fo. 4—­“Traen todo il cuerpo labrado con fuego.”  From this they appear to have tattooed themselves in the manner of the Papuas, by burning in spots and stripes into the skin.  But Morga states in another place (f. 138)—­“They are distinguished from the inhabitants of Luzon by their hair which the men cut into a pigtail after the old Spanish manner, and paint their bodies in many patterns, without touching the face.”  The custom of tattooing, which appears to have ceased with the introduction of Christianity, for the clergymen so often quoted (Thevenot, p. 4) describes it as unknown, cannot be regarded as a characteristic of the Bisayans; and the tribes of the northern part of Luzon tattoo at the present day.

[198] Mezzeria (Italian); metayer (French).

[199] In China an oil is procured from the seeds of vernicia montana, which, by the addition of alum, litharge, and steatite, with a gentle heat, easily forms a valuable varnish which, when mixed with resin, is employed in rendering the bottoms of vessels watertight.  P. Champion, Indust.  Anc. et Mod. de l’Emp.  Chinois.” 114.

[200] Petzholdt ("Caucasus,” i. 203) mentions that in Bosslewi the price of a clay vessel is determined by its capacity of maize.

[201] As usual these abuses spring from the non-enforcement of a statute passed in 1848 (Leg. ult., i. 144), which prohibits usurious conracts with servants or assistants, and threatens with heavy penalties all those whom, under the pretext of having advanced money, or of having paid debts or the poll-tax or exemption from service, keep either individual natives or whole families in a continual state of dependence upon them, and always secure the increase of their obligations to them by not allowing them wages sufficient to enable them to satisfy the claims against them.

[202] Formerly it appears to have been different with them.  “These Bisayans are a people little disposed to agriculture, but practised in navigation, and eager for war and expeditions by sea, on account of the pillage and prizes, which they call ‘mangubas,’ which is the same as taking to the field in order to steal.”—­Morga, f. 138.