profession.  Domestic troubles, culminating a year later in the
     separation from his wife, also explain the restlessness and
     general dissatisfaction which affected the great novelist in
     the years 1855-57, when this story appeared.  Hence there is no
     surprise that “Little Dorrit” added but little to its author’s
     reputation.  It is a very long book, but it will never take a
     front-rank place.  The story, however, on its appearance in
     monthly parts, the first of which was published in January
     1856, and the completed work in 1857, was enormously
     successful, beating, in Dickens’s own words, “‘Bleak House’
     out of the field.”  Popular with the public, it has never won
     the critics.

I.—­The Father of the Marshalsea

Thirty years ago there stood, a few doors short of the church of Saint George, in the Borough of Southwark, on the left-hand side of the way going southward, the Marshalsea Prison.  It had stood there many years before, and it remained there some years afterwards; but it is gone now, and the world is none the worse without it.

A debtor had been taken to the Marshalsea Prison, a very amiable and very helpless middle-aged gentleman who was perfectly clear—­“like all the rest of them,” the turnkey on the lock said—­that he was going out again directly.

The affairs of this debtor, a shy, retiring man, with a mild voice and irresolute hands, were perplexed by a partnership, of which he knew no more than that he had invested money in it.

“Out?” said the turnkey.  “He’ll never get out unless his creditors take him by the shoulders and shove him out!”

The next day the debtor’s wife came to the Marshalsea, bringing with her a little boy of three, and a little girl of two.

“Two children,” the turnkey observed to himself.  “And you another, which makes three; and your wife another, which makes four.”

Six months later a little girl was born to the debtor, and when this child was eight years old, her mother, who had long been languishing, died.

The debtor had long grown accustomed to the place.  Crushed at first by his imprisonment, he had soon found a dull relief in it.  His elder children played regularly about the yard.  If he had been a man with strength of purpose, he might have broken the net that held him, or broken his heart; but being what he was, he slipped easily into this smooth descent, and never more took one step upward.

The shabby old debtor with the soft manners and the white hair became the Father of the Marshalsea.  And he grew to be proud of the title.  All newcomers were presented to him.  He was punctilious in the exaction of this ceremony.  They were welcome to the Marshalsea, he would tell them.

It became a not unusual circumstance for letters to be put under his door at night enclosing half-a-crown, two half-crowns, now and then, at long intervals, even half a sovereign, for the Father of the Marshalsea, “With the compliments of a collegian taking leave.”  He received the gifts as tributes to a public character.