[Footnote 1:  Ecclesiasticus, xxii. 11.]

[Footnote 2:  Le Commerce, Oct. 19th, 1837.]

The brain may be regarded as a kind of parasite of the organism, a pensioner, as it were, who dwells with the body:  and leisure, that is, the time one has for the free enjoyment of one’s consciousness or individuality, is the fruit or produce of the rest of existence, which is in general only labor and effort.  But what does most people’s leisure yield?—­boredom and dullness; except, of course, when it is occupied with sensual pleasure or folly.  How little such leisure is worth may be seen in the way in which it is spent:  and, as Ariosto observes, how miserable are the idle hours of ignorant men!—­ozio lungo d’uomini ignoranti.  Ordinary people think merely how they shall spend their time; a man of any talent tries to use it.  The reason why people of limited intellect are apt to be bored is that their intellect is absolutely nothing more than the means by which the motive power of the will is put into force:  and whenever there is nothing particular to set the will in motion, it rests, and their intellect takes a holiday, because, equally with the will, it requires something external to bring it into play.  The result is an awful stagnation of whatever power a man has—­in a word, boredom.  To counteract this miserable feeling, men run to trivialities which please for the moment they are taken up, hoping thus to engage the will in order to rouse it to action, and so set the intellect in motion; for it is the latter which has to give effect to these motives of the will.  Compared with real and natural motives, these are but as paper money to coin; for their value is only arbitrary—­card games and the like, which have been invented for this very purpose.  And if there is nothing else to be done, a man will twirl his thumbs or beat the devil’s tattoo; or a cigar may be a welcome substitute for exercising his brains.  Hence, in all countries the chief occupation of society is card-playing,[1] and it is the gauge of its value, and an outward sign that it is bankrupt in thought.  Because people have no thoughts to deal in, they deal cards, and try and win one another’s money.  Idiots!  But I do not wish to be unjust; so let me remark that it may certainly be said in defence of card-playing that it is a preparation for the world and for business life, because one learns thereby how to make a clever use of fortuitous but unalterable circumstances (cards, in this case), and to get as much out of them as one can:  and to do this a man must learn a little dissimulation, and how to put a good face upon a bad business.  But, on the other hand, it is exactly for this reason that card-playing is so demoralizing, since the whole object of it is to employ every kind of trick and machination in order to win what belongs to another.  And a habit of this sort, learnt at the card-table, strikes root and pushes its way into practical life; and in the affairs of every day a