which at the most would hurt the man who took it, and not others.  If he will never need the treasures which he lays up for himself, they will one day benefit others whom nature has made less careful.  That until then he withdraws the money from circulation is no misfortune; for money is not an article of consumption:  it only represents the good things which a man may actually possess, and is not one itself.  Coins are only counters; their value is what they represent; and what they represent cannot be withdrawn from circulation.  Moreover, by holding back the money, the value of the remainder which is in circulation is enhanced by precisely the same amount.  Even though it be the case, as is said, that many a miser comes in the end to love money itself for its own sake, it is equally certain that many a spendthrift, on the other hand, loves spending and squandering for no better reason.  Friendship with a miser is not only without danger, but it is profitable, because of the great advantages it can bring.  For it is doubtless those who are nearest and dearest to the miser who on his death will reap the fruits of the self-control which he exercised; but even in his lifetime, too, something may be expected of him in cases of great need.  At any rate one can always hope for more from him than from the spendthrift, who has lost his all and is himself helpless and in debt. Mas da el duro que el desnudo, says a Spanish proverb; the man who has a hard heart will give more than the man who has an empty purse.  The upshot of all this is that Avarice is not a vice.

On the other side, it may be said that Avarice is the quintessence of all vices.  When physical pleasures seduce a man from the right path, it is his sensual nature—­the animal part of him—­which is at fault.  He is carried away by its attractions, and, overcome by the impression of the moment, he acts without thinking of the consequences.  When, on the other hand, he is brought by age or bodily weakness to the condition in which the vices that he could never abandon end by abandoning him, and his capacity for physical pleasure dies—­if he turns to Avarice, the intellectual desire survives the sensual.  Money, which represents all the good things of this world, and is these good things in the abstract, now becomes the dry trunk overgrown with all the dead lusts of the flesh, which are egoism in the abstract.  They come to life again in the love of the Mammon.  The transient pleasure of the senses has become a deliberate and calculated lust of money, which, like that to which it is directed, is symbolical in its nature, and, like it, indestructible.

This obstinate love of the pleasures of the world—­a love which, as it were, outlives itself; this utterly incorrigible sin, this refined and sublimated desire of the flesh, is the abstract form in which all lusts are concentrated, and to which it stands like a general idea to individual particulars.  Accordingly, Avarice is the vice of age, just as extravagance is the vice of youth.