" 5 } Olympian 7-------------- " 464. " 13-------------- " 464.  Nemean 7 " 3 " 4 " 6 " 8 Olympian 9-------------- " 456.  Isthmian 6 Olympian 4 }------------ " 452. " 5 }

The Olympic games were held once in four years, in honour of Zeus.  The prize was a wreath of wild olive.

The Pythian games were held once in four years, in honour of Apollo.  The prize was a wreath of bay.

The Nemean games were held once in two years, in honour of Zeus.  The prize was a wreath of wild parsley.

The Isthmian games were held once in two years, in honour of Poseidon.  The prize was a wreath of wild parsley or of pine.

[Footnote 1:  The importance and interest to a student in Hellenic literature of a collateral study of whatever remains to us of Hellenic plastic art—­statues, vases, gems, and coins—­can hardly be too strongly insisted on.]

[Footnote 2:  In Mr. J.A.  Symonds’ ‘Studies of the Greek Poets’ there is an essay on Pindar which dwells with much appreciative eloquence upon the poets literary characteristics.]

[Footnote 3:  In thus touching on the obligations of our morality to the Hebrew and to the Hellene respectively, I have insisted more exclusively on the weak points of the former than I should have done in a fuller discussion of the subject:  here I am merely concerned to question in passing what seems to be a popular one-sided estimate.]

* * * * *

OLYMPIAN ODES.

I.

For Hieron of Syracuse,

Winner in the horse-race.

* * * * *

This ode seems to owe its position at the head of Pindar’s extant works to Aristophanes the grammarian, who placed it there on account of its being specially occupied with the glorification of the Olympic games in comparison with others, and with the story of Pelops, who was their founder.

Hieron won this race B.C. 472, while at the height of his power at Syracuse.  Probably the ode was sung at Syracuse, perhaps, as has been suggested, at a banquet.

* * * * *

Best is Water of all, and Gold as a flaming fire in the night shineth eminent amid lordly wealth; but if of prizes in the games thou art fain, O my soul, to tell, then, as for no bright star more quickening than the sun must thou search in the void firmament by day, so neither shall we find any games greater than the Olympic whereof to utter our voice:  for hence cometh the glorious hymn and entereth into the minds of the skilled in song, so that they celebrate the son[1] of Kronos, when to the rich and happy hearth of Hieron they are come; for he wieldeth the sceptre of justice in Sicily of many flocks, culling the choice fruits of all kinds of excellence:  and with the flower of music is he made splendid, even such strains as we sing blithely at the table of a friend.