As an industrial term the word seems to have been first used among journeymen tailors.  The tailoring houses which once executed all orders on their own premises, by degrees came to recognize the convenience of giving out work to tailors who would work at their own homes.  The long hours which the home workers were induced to work in order to increase their pay, caused the term “Sweater” to be applied to them by the men who worked for fixed hours on the tailors’ premises, and who found their work passing more and more into the hands of the home workers.  Thus we learn that originally it was long hours and not low wages which constituted “sweating.”  School-boy slang still uses the word in this same sense.  Moreover, the first sweater was one who “sweated” himself, not others.  But soon when more and more tailoring work was “put out,” the home worker, finding he could undertake more than he could execute, employed his family and also outsiders to help him.  This makes the second stage in the evolution of the term; the sweater now “sweated” others as well as himself, and he figured as a “middleman” between the tailoring firm which employed him, and the assistants whom he employed for fixed wages.  Other clothing trades have passed through the same process of development, and have produced a sub-contracting middleman.  The term “sweater” has thus by the outside world, and sometimes by the workers themselves, come to be generally applied to sub-contractors in small City trades.  But the fact of the special application has not prevented the growth of a wider signification of “sweating” and “sweater.”  As the long hours worked in the tailors’ garrets were attended with other evils—­a low rate of wages, unsanitary conditions, irregularity of employment, and occasional tyranny in all the forms which attend industrial authority—­all these evils became attached to the notion of sweating.  The word has thus grown into a generic term to express this disease of City poverty from its purely industrial side.  Though “long hours” was the gist of the original complaint, low wages have come to be recognized as equally belonging to the essence of “sweating.”  In some cases, indeed, low wages have become the leading idea, so that employers are classed as sweaters who pay low wages, without consideration of hours or other conditions of employment.  Trade Unions, for example, use the term “sweating” specifically to express the conduct of employers who pay less than the “standard” rate of wages.  The abominable sanitary condition of many of the small workshops, or private dwellings of workers, is to many reformers the most essential element in sweating.