Sec. 7.  The Extent of Foreign Immigration.—­So much for the inflow from the country districts.  But there is another inflow which is drawing close attention, the inflow of cheap foreign labour into our towns.  Here again we have first to guard against some exaggeration.  It is not true that German, Polish, and Russian Jews are coming over in large battalions to steal all the employment of the English working-man, by under-selling him in the labour-market.  In the first place, it should be noted that the foreigners of England, as a whole, bear a smaller proportion to the total population than in any other first-class European state.  In 1901 the foreigners were 76 in 10,000 of the population; that is a good deal less than one per cent.  Our numbers as a nation are not increased by immigration.  On the contrary, between 1871 and 1901 we lost considerably by emigration.[19] Even London, the centre of attraction to foreigners, does not contain nearly so large a per-centage of foreigners as any other great capital.  The census gave 3 per cent. as the proportion of foreigners, excluding those born in England of foreign parents.  Though this figure is perhaps too low, the true proportion cannot be very large.  It is not the number, but the distribution and occupation of the foreign immigrants, that make them an object of so much solicitude.  The borough of Stepney contains no less than 40 per cent. of the foreign-born population of London, the foreigners increasing from 15,998 in 1881 to 54,310 in 1901.  At present 182 out of every 1000 in this district are foreigners.  The proportion is also very high in Holborn, Westminster, Marylebone, Bethnal Green, and St Pancras.  The Report of the Royal Commission on Alien Immigration, 1902, states “that the greatest evils produced by the Alien Immigrants here are the overcrowding caused by them in certain districts of London, and the consequent displacement of the native population.”  The concentration of the immigrant question is attested by the fact that in 1901 no less than 48 per cent. of the total foreign population were resident in six metropolitan boroughs, and in the three cities of Manchester, Liverpool, and Leeds.  While a considerable number of them are Germans, French, and Italians, attracted here by better industrial conditions in trades for which they have some special aptitude, a greatly increasing proportion are Russian and Polish Jews, driven to immigrate partly by political and religious persecution, partly for industrial ends, and feeding the unskilled labour-market in certain manufactures of our great cities.

Sec. 8.  The Jew as an Industrial Competitor.—­Looking at these foreigners as individuals, there is much to be said in their favour.  They do not introduce a lower morality into the quarters where they settle, as the Chinese are said to do; nor are they quarrelsome and law-breaking, like the low-class Italians who swarm into America.  Their habits, so far as cleanliness is concerned, are perhaps not desirable, but the standard