other than a rhetorical value.  What is important to recognize is this, that though the proportion of the very poor to the whole population has somewhat diminished, never in the whole history of England, excepting during the disastrous period at the beginning of this century, has the absolute number of the very poor been so great as it is now.  Moreover, the massing of the poor in large centres of population, producing larger areas of solid poverty, presents new dangers and new difficulties in the application of remedial measures.

However we may estimate progress, one fact we must recognize, that the bulk of our low-skilled workers do not yet possess a secure supply of the necessaries of life.  Few will feel inclined to dispute what Professor Marshall says on this point—­

“The necessaries for the efficiency of an ordinary agricultural or of an unskilled town labourer and his family, in England, in this generation, may be said to consist of a well-drained dwelling with several rooms, warm clothing, with some changes of underclothing, pure water, a plentiful supply of cereal food, with a moderate allowance of meat and milk, and a little tea, &c.; some education, and some recreation; and lastly, sufficient freedom for his wife from other work to enable her to perform properly her maternal and her household duties.  If in any district unskilled labour is deprived of any of these things, its efficiency will suffer in the same way as that of a horse which is not properly tended, or a steam-engine which has an inadequate supply of coals."[10]

There is one final point of deep significance.  So far we have endeavoured to measure poverty by the application of a standard of actual material comfort.  But this, while furnishing a fair gauge of the deprivation suffered by the poor, does not enable us to measure it as a social danger.  There is a depth of poverty, of misery, of ignorance, which is not dangerous because it has no outlook, and is void of hope.  Abate the extreme stress of poverty, give the poor a glimpse of a more prosperous life, teach them to know their power, and the danger of poverty increases.  This is what De Tocqueville meant when writing of France, before the Revolution, he said, “According as prosperity began to dawn in France, men’s minds appeared to become more unquiet and disturbed; public discontent was sharpened, hatred of all ancient institutions went on increasing, till the nation was visibly on the verge of a revolution.  One might almost say that the French found their condition all the more intolerable according as it became better."[11]