[NOTE 3.

“Everywhere the ancients went to bed, like good boys, from seven to nine o’clock.”—­As we are perfectly serious, we must beg the reader, who fancies any joke in all this, to consider what an immense difference it must have made to the earth, considered as a steward of her own resources-whether great nations, in a period when their resources were so feebly developed, did, or did not, for many centuries, require candles; and, we may add, fire.  The five heads of human expenditure are,—­1, Food; 2, Shelter; 3, Clothing; 4, Fuel; 5, Light.  All were pitched on a lower scale in the Pagan era; and the two last were almost banished from ancient housekeeping.  What a great relief this must have been to our good mother the earth! who, at first, was obliged to request of her children that they would settle round the Mediterranean.  She could not even afford them water, unless they would come and fetch it themselves out of a common tank or cistern.]

[NOTE 4.

“The manesalutantes.”—­There can be no doubt that the levees of modern princes and ministers have been inherited from this ancient usage of Rome; one which belonged to Rome republican, as well as Rome imperial.  The fiction in our modern practice is—­that we wait upon the leve, or rising of the prince.  In France, at one era, this fiction was realized:  the courtiers did really attend the king’s dressing.  And, as to the queen, even up to the revolution, Marie Antoinette almost from necessity gave audience at her toilette.]

[NOTE 5.

“Or again, ‘siccum pro biscodo, ut hodie vocamus, sumemus?’”—­It is odd enough that a scholar so complete as Salmasius, whom nothing ever escapes, should have overlooked so obvious an alternative as that of siccus, meaning without opsonium—­Scotice, without “kitchen.”]

[NOTE 6.

“The whole amount of relief;”—­from which it appears how grossly Locke (see his Education) was deceived in fancying that Augustus practised any remarkable abstinence in taking only a bit of bread and a raisin or two, by way of luncheon.  Augustus did no more than most people did; secondly, he abstained only with a view to dinner; and, thirdly, for this dinner he never waited longer than up to four o’clock.]

[NOTE 7.

“Mansiones”—­the halts of the Roman legions, the stationary places of repose which divided the marches, were so called.]

[NOTE 8.

“The everlasting Jew;”—­the German name for what we English call the Wandering Jew.  The German imagination has been most struck with the duration of the man’s life, and his unhappy sanctity from death; the English by the unrestingness of the man’s life, his incapacity of repose.]

[NOTE 9.

“Immeasurable toga.”—­It is very true that in the time of Augustus the toga had disappeared amongst the lowest plebs, and greatly Augustus was shocked at that spectacle.  It is a very curious fact in itself, especially as expounding the main cause of the civil wars.  Mere poverty, and the absence of bribery from Rome, whilst all popular competition for offices drooped, can alone explain this remarkable revolution of dress.]