6) The numerous subheading references, of the form “XX.  XX.  Topic” found in the appended section of endnotes are to be taken as “proximate” rather than topical indicators.  That is, the information contained in the endnote indicates primarily the location in the main text of the closest indexing “handle”, a subheading, which may or may not echo congruent subject matter.

The reason for this is that in the translation from an original paged manuscript to an unpaged “cyberscroll”, page numbers are lost.  In this edition subheadings are the only remaining indexing “handles” of sub-chapter scale.  Unfortunately, in some stretches of text these subheadings may be as sparse as merely one in three pages.  Therefore, it would seem to make best sense to save the reader time and temper by adopting a shortest path method to indicate the desired reference.

7) Dr. Mommsen has given his dates in terms of Roman usage, A.U.C.; that is, from the founding of Rome, conventionally taken to be 753 B. C. To the end of each volume is appended a table of conversion between the two systems.

CONTENTS

Book iv:  The Revolution

CHAPTER

      I. The Subject Countries Down to the Times of the Gracchi

II.  The Reform Movement and Tiberius Gracchus

III.  The Revolution and Gaius Gracchus

IV.  The Rule of the Restoration

V. The Peoples of the North

Vi.  The Attempt of Marius at Revolution and the Attempt
of Drusus at Reform

VII.  The Revolt of the Italian Subjects, and the Sulpician
Revolution

VIII.  The East and King Mithradates

IX.  Cinna and Sulla

X. The Sullan Constitution

XI.  The Commonwealth and Its Economy

XII.  Nationality, Religion, and Education

   XIII.  Literature and Art

BOOK FOURTH

The Revolution

“-Aber sie treiben’s toll;
Ich furcht’, es breche.” 
Nicht jeden Wochenschluss
Macht Gott die Zeche-.

Goethe.

CHAPTER I

The Subject Countries Down to the Times of the Gracchi

The Subjects

With the abolition of the Macedonian monarchy the supremacy of Rome not only became an established fact from the Pillars of Hercules to the mouths of the Nile and the Orontes, but, as if it were the final decree of fate, it weighed on the nations with all the pressure of an inevitable necessity, and seemed to leave them merely the choice of perishing in hopeless resistance or in hopeless endurance.  If history were not entitled to insist that the earnest reader should accompany her through good and evil days, through landscapes of winter as well as of spring, the historian