74.  II.  IX.  Censure of Art

75.  III.  II.  War between the Romans and Carthaginians and Syracusans

76.  Plautius belongs to this or to the beginning of the following period, for the inscription on his pictures (Plin.  H. N. xxxv. 10, 115), being hexametrical, cannot well be older than Ennius, and the bestowal of the citizenship of Ardea must have taken place before the Social War, through which Ardea lost its independence.

End of Book III

* * * * *

THE HISTORY OF ROME:  BOOK IV

The Revolution

Preparer’s Note

This work contains many literal citations of and references to words, sounds, and alphabetic symbols drawn from many languages, including Gothic and Phoenician, but chiefly Latin and Greek.  This English language Gutenberg edition, constrained within the scope of 7-bit ASCII code, adopts the following orthographic conventions: 

1) Words and phrases regarded as “foreign imports”, italicized in the original text published in 1903; but which in the intervening century have become “naturalized” into English; words such as “de jure”, “en masse”, etc. are not given any special typographic distinction.

2) Except for Greek, all literally cited non-English words that do not refer to texts cited as academic references, words that in the source manuscript appear italicized, are rendered with a single preceding, and a single following dash; thus, -xxxx-.

3) Greek words, first transliterated into Roman alphabetic equivalents, are rendered with a preceding and a following double-dash; thus, —­xxxx—.  Note that in some cases the root word itself is a compound form such as xxx-xxxx, and is rendered as —­xxx-xxx—­

4) Simple non-ideographic references to vocalic sounds, single letters, or alphabeic dipthongs; and prefixes, suffixes, and syllabic references are represented by a single preceding dash; thus, -x, or -xxx.

5) The following refers particularly to the complex discussion of alphabetic evolution in Ch.  XIV:  Measuring And Writing).  Ideographic references, meaning pointers to the form of representation itself rather than to its content, are represented as -"id:xxxx"-. “id:”  stands for “ideograph”, and indicates that the reader should form a mental picture based on the “xxxx” following the colon. “xxxx” may represent a single symbol, a word, or an attempt at a picture composed of ASCII characters.  E. g. —­“id:Gamma gamma”—­ indicates an uppercase Greek gamma-form Followed by the form in lowercase.  Some such exotic parsing as this is necessary to explain alphabetic development because a single symbol may have been used for a number of sounds in a number of languages, or even for a number of sounds in the same language at different times.  Thus, -"id:Gamma gamma” might very well refer to a Phoenician construct that in appearance resembles the form that eventually stabilized as an uppercase Greek “gamma” juxtaposed to another one of lowercase.  Also, a construct such as —­“id:E” indicates a symbol that in graphic form most closely resembles an ASCII uppercase “E”, but, in fact, is actually drawn more crudely.