46.  II.  II.  Political Value of the Tribunate

47.  III.  IX.  Landing of the Romans

48.  III.  IX.  Death of Scipio.  The first certain instance of such a surname is that of Manius Valerius Maximus, consul in 491, who, as conqueror of Messana, assumed the name Messalla (ii. 170):  that the consul of 419 was, in a similar manner, called Calenus, is an error.  The presence of Maximus as a surname in the Valerian (i. 348) and Fabian (i. 397) clans is not quite analogous.

49.  III.  XI.  Patricio-Plebian Nobility

50.  II.  III.  New Opposition

51.  III.  III.  The Celts Conquered by Rome

52.  III.  Vi.  In Italy

53.  III.  III.  The Celts Conquered by Rome

54.  III.  VII.  Liguria

55.  III.  VII.  Measures Adopted to Check the Immigration of the Transalpine Gauls

56.  III.  VII.  Liguria

57.  III.  XI.  The Nobility in Possession of the Equestrian Centuries

58.  III.  V. Attitude of the Romans, iii.  Vi.  Conflicts in the South of Italy

59.  II.  III.  The Burgess-Body

60.  As to the original rates of the Roman census it is difficult to lay down anything definite.  Afterwards, as is well known, 100,000 -asses- was regarded as the minimum census of the first class; to which the census of the other four classes stood in the (at least approximate) ratio of 3/4, 1/2, 1/4, 1/9.  But these rates are understood already by Polybius, as by all later authors, to refer to the light -as- (1/10th of the -denarius-), and apparently this view must be adhered to, although in reference to the Voconian law the same sums are reckoned as heavy -asses- (1/4 of the -denarius-:  Geschichte des Rom.  Munzwesens, p. 302).  But Appius Claudius, who first in 442 expressed the census-rates in money instead of the possession of land (ii.  III.  The Burgess-Body), cannot in this have made use of the light -as-, which only emerged in 485 (ii.  VIII.  Silver Standard of Value).  Either therefore he expressed the same amounts in heavy -asses-, and these were at the reduction of the coinage converted into light; or he proposed the later figures, and these remained the same notwithstanding the reduction or the coinage, which in this case would have involved a lowering of the class-rates by more than the half.  Grave doubts may be raised in opposition to either hypothesis; but the former appears the more credible, for so exorbitant an advance in democratic development is not probable either for the end of the fifth century or as an incidental consequence of a mere administrative measure, and besides it would scarce have disappeared wholly from tradition. 100,000 light -asses-, or 40,000 sesterces, may, moreover, be reasonably regarded as the equivalent of the original Roman full hide of perhaps 20 -jugera- (I.  Vi.  Time and Occasion of the Reform); so that, according to this view, the rates of the census as a whole have changed merely in expression, and not in value.