2) Greek words, first transliterated into Roman alphabetic equivalents, are rendered with a preceding and a following double-dash; thus, —­xxxx—.  Note that in some cases the root word itself is a compound form such as xxx-xxxx, and is rendered as —­xxx-xxx—­

3) Simple unideographic references to vocalic sounds, single letters, or alphabeic dipthongs; and prefixes, suffixes, and syllabic references are represented by a single preceding dash; thus, -x, or -xxx.

4) Ideographic references, referring to signs of representation rather than to content, are represented as -"id:xxxx"-. “id:”  stands for “ideograph”, and indicates that the reader should form a picture based on the following “xxxx”; which may be a single symbol, a word, or an attempt at a picture composed of ASCII characters.  For example, —­“id:Gamma gamma”—­ indicates an uppercase Greek gamma-form followed by the form in lowercase.  Some such exotic parsing as this is necessary to explain alphabetic development because a single symbol may have been used for a number of sounds in a number of languages, or even for a number of sounds in the same language at different times.  Thus, “-id:Gamma gamma” might very well refer to a Phoenician construct that in appearance resembles the form that eventually stabilized as an uppercase Greek “gamma” juxtaposed to one of lowercase.  Also, a construct such as —­“id:E” indicates a symbol that with ASCII resembles most closely a Roman uppercase “E”, but, in fact, is actually drawn more crudely.

5) Dr. Mommsen has given his dates in terms of Roman usage, A.U.C.; that is, from the founding of Rome, conventionally taken to be 753 B. C. The preparer of this document, has appended to the end of each volume a table of conversion between the two systems.

CONTENTS

Book iii:  From the Union of Italy to the Subjugation of Carthage
           and the Greek States

CHAPTER

I. Carthage

II.  The War between Rome and Carthage Concerning Sicily

III.  The Extension of Italy to Its Natural Boundaries

IV.  Hamilcar and Hannibal

V. The War under Hannibal to the Battle of Cannae

Vi.  The War under Hannibal from Cannae to Zama

VII.  The West from the Peace of Hannibal to the Close
of the Third Period

VIII.  The Eastern States and the Second Macedonian War

IX.  The War with Antiochus of Asia

X. The Third Macedonian War

XI.  The Government and the Governed

XII.  The Management of Land and of Capital

   XIII.  Faith and Manners

    XIV.  Literature and Art

BOOK THIRD

From the Union of Italy to the Subjugation of Carthage and the Greek
States