tongue, and others, such as the Lucanians and a part of the Campanians, adopted at least Greek writing and Greek manners.  Etruria likewise showed tendencies towards a kindred development in the remarkable vases which have been discovered(47) belonging to this period, rivalling those of Campania and Lucania; and though Latium and Samnium remained more strangers to Hellenism, there were not wanting there also traces of an incipient and ever-growing influence of Greek culture.  In all branches of the development of Rome during this epoch, in legislation and coinage, in religion, in the formation of national legend, we encounter traces of the Greeks; and from the commencement of the fifth century in particular, in other words, after the conquest of Campania, the Greek influence on Roman life appears rapidly and constantly on the increase.  In the fourth century occurred the erection of the “-Graecostasis-”—­remarkable in the very form of the word—­a platform in the Roman Forum for eminent Greek strangers and primarily for the Massiliots.(48) In the following century the annals began to exhibit Romans of quality with Greek surnames, such as Philipus or in Roman form Pilipus, Philo, Sophus, Hypsaeus.  Greek customs gained ground:  such as the non-Italian practice of placing inscriptions in honour of the dead on the tomb—­of which the epitaph of Lucius Scipio (consul in 456) is the oldest example known to us; the fashion, also foreign to the Italians, of erecting without any decree of the state honorary monuments to ancestors in public places —­a system begun by the great innovator Appius Claudius, when he caused bronze shields with images and eulogies of his ancestors to be suspended in the new temple of Bellona (442); the distribution of branches of palms to the competitors, introduced at the Roman national festival in 461; above all, the Greek manners and habits at table.  The custom not of sitting as formerly on benches, but of reclining on sofas, at table; the postponement of the chief meal from noon to between two and three o’clock in the afternoon according to our mode of reckoning; the institution of masters of the revels at banquets, who were appointed from among the guests present, generally by throwing the dice, and who then prescribed to the company what, how, and when they should drink; the table-chants sung in succession by the guests, which, however, in Rome were not -scolia-, but lays in praise of ancestors—­all these were not primitive customs in Rome, but were borrowed from the Greeks at a very early period, for in Cato’s time these usages were already common and had in fact partly fallen into disuse again.  We must therefore place their introduction in this period at the latest.  A characteristic feature also was the erection of statues to “the wisest and the bravest Greek” in the Roman Forum, which took place by command of the Pythian Apollo during the Samnite wars.  The selection fell—­evidently under Sicilian or Campanian influence—­on