most esteemed communities of Latium, consisted almost solely of some genteel families who lived in the capital but retained their native Tusculan franchise, and was far inferior in the number of burgesses entitled to vote even to small communities in the interior of Italy.  The stock of men capable of arms in this district, on which Rome’s ability to defend herself had once mainly depended, had so totally vanished, that people read with astonishment and perhaps with horror the accounts of the annals—­ sounding fabulous in comparison with things as they stood—­ respecting the Aequian and Volscian wars.  Matters were not so bad everywhere, especially in the other portions of Central Italy and in Campania; nevertheless, as Varro complains, “the once populous cities of Italy,” in general “stood desolate.”

Italy under the Oligarchy

It is a dreadful picture—­this picture of Italy under the rule of the oligarchy.  There was nothing to bridge over or soften the fatal contrast between the world of the beggars and the world of the rich.  The more clearly and painfully this contrast was felt on both sides—­the giddier the height to which riches rose, the deeper the abyss of poverty yawned—­the more frequently, amidst that changeful world of speculation and playing at hazard, were individuals tossed from the bottom to the top and again from the top to the bottom.  The wider the chasm by which the two worlds were externally divided, the more completely they coincided in the like annihilation of family life—­which is yet the germ and core of all nationality—­in the like laziness and luxury, the like unsubstantial economy, the like unmanly dependence, the like corruption differing only in its tariff, the like criminal demoralization, the like longing to begin the war with property.  Riches and misery in close league drove the Italians out of Italy, and filled the peninsula partly with swarms of slaves, partly with awful silence.  It is a terrible picture, but not one peculiar to Italy; wherever the government of capitalists in a slave-state has fully developed itself, it has desolated God’s fair world in the same way as rivers glisten in different colours, but a common sewer everywhere looks like itself, so the Italy of the Ciceronian epoch resembles substantially the Hellas of Polybius and still more decidedly the Carthage of Hannibal’s time, where in exactly similar fashion the all-powerful rule of capital ruined the middle class, raised trade and estate-farming to the highest prosperity, and ultimately led to a—­ hypocritically whitewashed—­moral and political corruption of the nation.  All the arrant sins that capital has been guilty of against nation and civilization in the modern world, remain as far inferior to the abominations of the ancient capitalist-states as the free man, be he ever so poor, remains superior to the slave; and not until the dragon-seed of North America ripens, will the world have again similar fruits to reap.