CONTENTS

Book V:  The Establishment of the Military Monarchy

CHAPTER

      I. Marcus Lepidus and Quintus Sertorius

     II.  Rule of the Sullan Restoration

    III.  The Fall of the Oligarchy and the Rule of Pompeius

     IV.  Pompeius and the East

      V. The Struggle of Parties during the Absence of Pompeius

     Vi.  Retirement of Pompeius and Coalition of the Pretenders

    VII.  The Subjugation of the West

   VIII.  The Joint Rule of Pompeius and Caesar

     IX.  Death of Crassus—­Rupture between the Joint Rulers

      X. Brundisium, Ilerda, Pharsalus, and Thapsus

     XI.  The Old Republic and the New Monarchy

    XII.  Religion, Culture, Literature, and Art

BOOK FIFTH

The Establishment of the Military Monarchy

Wie er sich sieht so um und um,
Kehrt es ihm fast den Kopf herum,
Wie er wollt’ Worte zu allem finden? 
Wie er mocht’ so viel Schwall verbinden? 
Wie er mocht’ immer muthig bleiben
So fort und weiter fort zu schreiben?

Goethe.

CHAPTER I

Marcus Lepidus and Quintus Sertorius

The Opposition
Jurists
Aristocrats Friendly to Reform
Democrats

When Sulla died in the year 676, the oligarchy which he had restored ruled with absolute sway over the Roman state; but, as it had been established by force, it still needed force to maintain its ground against its numerous secret and open foes.  It was opposed not by any single party with objects clearly expressed and under leaders distinctly acknowledged, but by a mass of multifarious elements, ranging themselves doubtless under the general name of the popular party, but in reality opposing the Sullan organization of the commonwealth on very various grounds and with very different designs.  There were the men of positive law who neither mingled in nor understood politics, but who detested the arbitrary procedure of Sulla in dealing with the lives and property of the burgesses.  Even during Sulla’s lifetime, when all other opposition was silent, the strict jurists resisted the regent; the Cornelian laws, for example, which deprived various Italian communities of the Roman franchise, were treated in judicial decisions as null and void; and in like manner the courts held that, where a burgess had been made a prisoner of war and sold into slavery during the revolution, his franchise was not forfeited.  There was, further, the remnant of the old liberal minority in the senate, which in former times had laboured to effect a compromise with the reform party and the Italians, and was now in a similar spirit inclined to modify the rigidly oligarchic