15.  Sallust’s political genre-painting of the Jugurthine war—­the only picture that has preserved its colours fresh in the otherwise utterly faded and blanched tradition of this epoch—­closes with the fall of Jugurtha, faithful to its style of composition, poetical, not historical; nor does there elsewhere exist any connected account of the treatment of the Numidian kingdom.  That Gauda became Jugurtha’s successor is indicated by Sallust, c. 65 and Dio.  Fr. 79, 4, Bekk., and confirmed by an inscription of Carthagena (Orell. 630), which calls him king and father of Hiempsal ii.  That on the east the frontier relations subsisting between Numidia on the one hand and Roman Africa and Cyrene on the other remained unchanged, is shown by Caesar (B.  C. ii. 38; B. Afr. 43, 77) and by the later provincial constitution.  On the other hand the nature of the case implied, and Sallust (c. 97, 102, 111) indicates, that the kingdom of Bocchus was considerably enlarged; with which is undoubtedly connected the fact, that Mauretania, originally restricted to the region of Tingis (Morocco), afterwards extended to the region of Caesarea (province of Algiers) and to that of Sitifis (western half of the province of Constantine).  As Mauretania was twice enlarged by the Romans, first in 649 after the surrender of Jugurtha, and then in 708 after the breaking up of the Numidian kingdom, it is probable that the region of Caesarea was added on the first, and that of Sitifis on the second augmentation.

16.  III.  VIII.  Interference of the Community with the Finances

Chapter V

1.  If Cicero has not allowed himself to fall into an anachronism when he makes Africanus say this as early as 625 (de Rep. iii. 9), the view indicated in the text remains perhaps the only possible one.  This enactment did not refer to Northern Italy and Liguria, as the cultivation of the vine by the Genuates in 637 (iii.  XII.  Culture Of Oil and Wine, and Rearing of Cattle, note) proves; and as little to the immediate territory of Massilia (Just. xliii 4; Posidon.  Fr. 25, Mull.; Strabo, iv. 179).  The large export of wine and oil from Italy to the region of the Rhone in the seventh century of the city is well known.

2.  In Auvergne.  Their capital, Nemetum or Nemossus, lay not far from Clermont.

3.  The battle at Vindalium is placed by the epitomator of Livy and by Orosius before that on the Isara; but the reverse order is supported by Floras and Strabo (iv. 191), and is confirmed partly by the circumstance that Maximus, according to the epitome of Livy and Pliny, H. N. vii. 50, conquered the Gauls when consul, partly and especially by the Capitoline Fasti, according to which Maximus not only triumphed before Ahenobarbus, but the former triumphed over the Allobroges and the king of the Arverni, the latter only over the Arverni.  It is clear that the battle with the Allobroges and Arverni must have taken place earlier than that with the Arverni alone.