Chapter II

1.  In 537 the law restricting re-election to the consulship was suspended during the continuance of the war in Italy, that is, down to 551 (p. 14; Liv. xxvii. 6).  But after the death of Marcellus in 546 re-elections to the consulship, if we do not include the abdicating consuls of 592, only occurred in the years 547, 554, 560, 579, 585, 586, 591, 596, 599, 602; consequently not oftener in those fifty-six years than, for instance, in the ten years 401-410.  Only one of these, and that the very last, took place in violation of the ten years’ interval (i. 402); and beyond doubt the singular election of Marcus Marcellus who was consul in 588 and 599 to a third consulship in 602, with the special circumstances of which we are not acquainted, gave occasion to the law prohibiting re-election to the consulship altogether (Liv.  Ep. 56); especially as this proposal must have been introduced before 605, seeing that it was supported by Cato (p. 55, Jordan).

2.  III.  XI.  The Nobility in Possession of the Equestrian Centuries

3.  III.  XI.  Festivals

4.  IV.  I. General Results

5.  III.  XII.  Results

6.  I. XIII.  Landed Proprietors

7.  It was asserted even then, that the human race in that quarter was pre-eminently fitted for slavery by its especial power of endurance.  Plautus (Trin. 542) commends the Syrians:  -genus quod patientissitmum est hominum-.

8.  III.  XII.  Rural Slaves ff., III.  XII.  Culture of Oil and Wine, and Rearing of Cattle

9.  III.  XII.  Pastoral Husbandry

10.  III.  I. The Carthaginian Dominion in Africa

11.  The hybrid Greek name for the workhouse (-ergastulum-, from —­ergaszomai—­, after the analogy of -stabulum-, -operculum-) is an indication that this mode of management came to the Romans from a region where the Greek language was used, but at a period when a thorough Hellenic culture was not yet attained.

12.  III.  Vi.  Guerilla War in Sicily

13.  III.  XII.  Falling Off in the Population

14.  IV.  I. War against Aristonicus

15.  IV.  I. Cilicia

16.  Even now there are not unfrequently found in front of Castrogiovanni, at the point where the ascent is least abrupt, Roman projectiles with the name of the consul of 621:  L. Piso L. f. cos.

17.  II.  III.  Licinio-Sextian Laws

18.  III.  I. Capital and Its Power in Carthage

19.  II.  III.  Influence of the Extension of the Roman Dominion in Elevating the Farmer-Class

20.  III.  XI.  Assignations of Land

21.  II.  II.  Public Land

22.  III.  XII.  Falling Off of the Population

23.  IV.  II.  Permanent Criminal Commissions

24.  III.  XI.  Position of the Governors

25.  III.  IX.  Death of Scipio