37.  V. VII.  The New Dacian Kingdom

38.  IV.  VI.  Political Significance of the Marian Military Reform

39.  IV.  VI.  Political Significance of the Marian Military Reform

40.  V. V. Total Defeat of the Democratic Party

41.  Varro attests the discontinuance of the Sicilian -decumae-in a treatise published after Cicero’s death (De R. R. 2 praef.) where he names—­as the corn—­provinces whence Rome derives her subsistence—­only Africa and Sardinia, no longer Sicily.  The -Latinitas-, which Sicily obtained, must thus doubtless have included this immunity (comp.  Staatsrecht, iii. 684).

42.  V. X. Field of Caesar’s Power

43.  III.  XI.  Italian Subjects

44.  V. VIII.  Clodius

45.  III.  XIII.  Increase of Amusements

46.  In Sicily, the country of production, the -modius- was sold within a few years at two and at twenty sesterces; from this we may guess what must have been the fluctuations of price in Rome, which subsisted on transmarine corn and was the seat of speculators.

47.  IV.  XII.  The Finances and Public Buildings

48.  It is a fact not without interest that a political writer of later date but much judgment, the author of the letters addressed in the name of Sallust to Caesar, advises the latter to transfer the corn-distribution of the capital to the several -municipia-.  There is good sense in the admonition; as indeed similar ideas obviously prevailed in the noble municipal provision for orphans under Trajan.

49.  V. XI.  The State-Hierarchy

50.  III.  XII.  The Management of the Land and Its Capital

51.  The following exposition in Cicero’s treatise De officiis (i. 42) is characteristic:  -Iam de artificiis et quaestibus, qui liberales habendi, qui sordidi sint, kaec fere accepimus.  Primum improbantur ii quaestus, qui in odia hominum incurrunt, ut portitorum, ut feneratorum.  Illiberales autem et sordidi quaestus mercenariorum omnium, quorum operae, nonaries emuntur.  Est autem in illis ipsa merces auctoramentum servitutis.  Sordidi etiam putandi, qui mercantur a mercatoribus quod statim vendant, nihil enim proficiant, nisi admodum mentiantur.  Nec vero est quidquam turpius vanitate.  Opificesque omnes in sordida arte versantur; nec enim quidquam ingenuum habere potest officina.  Minimeque artes eae probandae, quae ministrae sunt voluptatum,

“Cetarii, lanii, coqui, fartores, piscatores,”

ut ait Terentius.  Adde huc, si placet, unguentarios, saltatores, totumque ludum talarium.  Quibus autem artibus aut prudentia maior inest, aut non mediocris utilitas quaeritur, ut medicina, ut architectura, ut doctrina rerum honestarum, eae sunt iis, quorum ordini conveniunt, honestae.  Mercatura autem, si tenuis est, sordida putanda est; sin magna et copiosa, multa undique apportans, multaque sine vanitate impertiens, non est admodum vituperanda; atque etiam, si satiata