4.  Aquae was not a colony, as Livy says (Ep. 61), but a -castellum-(Strabo, iv. 180; Velleius, i. 15; Madvig, Opusc. i. 303).  The same holds true of Italica (p. 214), and of many other places—­Vindonissa, for instance, never was in law anything else than a Celtic village, but was withal a fortified Roman camp, and a township of very considerable importance.

5.  III.  VII.  Measures Adopted to Check the Immigrations of the Transalpine Gauls

6.  III.  III.  Expedition against Scodra

7.  III.  III.  Impression in Greece and Macedonia

8.  III.  X. Humiliation of the Greeks in General

9.  IV.  I. Province of Macedonia. the Pirustae in the valleys of the Drin belonged to the province of Macedonia, but made forays into the neighbouring Illyricum (Caesar, B. G. v. 1).

10.  II.  IV. the Celts Assail the Etruscans in Northern Italy

11.  “The Helvetii dwelt,” Tacitus says (Germ. 28), “between the Hercynian Forest (i. e. here probably the Rauhe Alp), the Rhine, and the Main; the Boii farther on.”  Posidonius also (ap.  Strab. vii. 293) states that the Boii, at the time when they repulsed the Cimbri, inhabited the Hercynian Forest, i. e. the mountains from the Rauhe Alp to the Bohmerwald The circumstance that Caesar transplants them “beyond the Rhine” (B.  G. i. 5) is by no means inconsistent with this, for, as he there speaks from the Helvetian point of view, he may very well mean the country to the north-east of the lake of Constance; which quite accords with the fact, that Strabo (vii. 292) describes the former Boian country as bordering on the lake of Constance, except that he is not quite accurate in naming along with them the Vindelici as dwelling by the lake of Constance, for the latter only established themselves there after the Boii had evacuated these districts.  From these seats of theirs the Boii were dispossessed by the Marcomani and other Germanic tribes even before the time of Posidonius, consequently before 650; detached portions of them in Caesar’s time roamed about in Carinthia (B.  G. i. 5), and came thence to the Helvetii and into western Gaul; another swarm found new settlements on the Plattensee, where it was annihilated by the Getae; but the district—­the “Boian desert,” as it was called—­preserved the name of this the most harassed of all the Celtic peoples (iii.  VII.  Colonizing of The Region South of The Po, note).

12.  They are called in the Triumphal Fasti -Galli Karni-; and in Victor -Ligures Taurisci- (for such should be the reading instead of the received -Ligures et Caurisci-).

13.  The quaestor of Macedonia M. Annius P. f., to whom the town of Lete (Aivati four leagues to the north-west of Thessalonica) erected in the year 29 of the province and 636 of the city this memorial stone (Dittenberger, Syll. 247), is not otherwise known; the praetor Sex.  Pompeius whose fall is mentioned in it can be no other than the grandfather of the Pompeius with whom Caesar fought and the brother-in-law of the poet Lucilius.  The enemy are designated as —­Galaton ethnos—.  It is brought into prominence that Annius in order to spare the provincials omitted to call out their contingents and repelled the barbarians with the Roman troops alone.  To all appearance Macedonia even at that time required a de facto standing Roman garrison.