3.  III.  VII.  Gracchus

4.  The chronology of the war with Viriathus is far from being precisely settled.  It is certain that the appearance of Viriathus dates from the conflict with Vetilius (Appian, Hisp. 61; Liv. lii.; Oros. v. 4), and that he perished in 615 (Diod.  Vat. p. 110, etc.); the duration of his rule is reckoned at eight (Appian, Hisp. 63), ten (Justin, xliv. 2), eleven (Diodorus, p. 597), fifteen (Liv. liv.; Eutrop. iv. 16; Oros. v. 4; Flor. i. 33), and twenty years (Vellei. ii. 90).  The first estimate possesses some probability, because the appearance of Viriathus is connected both in Diodorus (p. 591; Vat. p. 107, 108) and in Orosius (v. 4) with the destruction of Corinth.  Of the Roman governors, with whom Viriathus fought, several undoubtedly belong to the northern province; for though Viriathus was at work chiefly in the southern, he was not exclusively so (Liv. lii.); consequently we must not calculate the number of the years of his generalship by the number of these names.

5.  IV.  I. Celtiberian War

6.  III.  VII.  Massinissa

7.  III.  VI.  Peace, iii.  VII.  Carthage

8.  The line of the coast has been in the course of centuries so much changed that the former local relations are but imperfectly recognizable on the ancient site.  The name of the city is preserved by Cape Cartagena—­also called from the saint’s tomb found there Ras Sidi bu Said—­the eastern headland of the peninsula, projecting into the gulf with its highest point rising to 393 feet above the level of the sea.

9.  The dimensions given by Beule (Fouilles a Carthage, 1861) are as follows in metres and in Greek feet (1=0.309 metre):—­

Outer wall 2 metres = 6 1/2 feet. 
Corridor 1.9 " = 6 "
Front wall of casemates 1 " = 3 1/4 "
Casemate rooms 4.2 " = 14 "
Back wall of casemates 1 " = 3 1/4 "
                         ------------------------
Whole breadth of the walls 10.1 metres = 33 feet.

Or, as Diodorus (p. 522) states it, 22 cubits (1 Greek cubit = 1 1/2 feet), while Livy (ap.  Oros. iv. 22) and Appian (Pun. 95), who seem to have had before them another less accurate passage of Polybius, state the breadth of the walls at 30 feet.  The triple wall of Appian—­as to which a false idea has hitherto been diffused by Floras (i. 31)—­denotes the outer wall, and the front and back walls of the casemates.  That this coincidence is not accidental, and that we have here in reality the remains of the famed walls of Carthage before us, will be evident to every one:  the objections of Davis (Carthage and her Remains, p. 370 et seq.) only show how little even the utmost zeal can adduce in opposition to the main results of Beule.  Only we must maintain that all the ancient authorities give the statements of which we are now speaking with reference not to