predominated in the Adriatic and Ionic, the Massiliots and Syracusans in the Tyrrhene, seas.  The latter in particular restricted more and more the range of Etruscan piracy.  After the victory at Cumae, Hiero had occupied the island of Aenaria (Ischia), and by that means interrupted the communication between the Campanian and the northern Etruscans.  About the year 302, with a view thoroughly to check Tuscan piracy, Syracuse sent forth a special expedition, which ravaged the island of Corsica and the Etruscan coast and occupied the island of Aethalia (Elba).  Although Etrusco-Carthaginian piracy was not wholly repressed—­Antium, for example, having apparently continued a haunt of privateering down to the beginning of the fifth century of Rome—­the powerful Syracuse formed a strong bulwark against the allied Tuscans and Phoenicians.  For a moment, indeed, it seemed as if the Syracusan power must be broken by the attack of the Athenians, whose naval expedition against Syracuse in the course of the Peloponnesian war (339-341) was supported by the Etruscans, old commercial friends of Athens, with three fifty-oared galleys.  But the victory remained, as is well known, both in the west and in the east with the Dorians.  After the ignominious failure of the Attic expedition, Syracuse became so indisputably the first Greek maritime power that the men, who were there at the head of the state, aspired to the sovereignty of Sicily and Lower Italy, and of both the Italian seas; while on the other hand the Carthaginians, who saw their dominion in Sicily now seriously in danger, were on their part also obliged to make, and made, the subjugation of the Syracusans and the reduction of the whole island the aim of their policy.  We cannot here narrate the decline of the intermediate Sicilian states, and the increase of the Carthaginian power in the island, which were the immediate results of these struggles; we notice their effect only so far as Etruria is concerned.  The new ruler of Syracuse, Dionysius (who reigned 348-387), inflicted on Etruria blows which were severely felt.  The far-scheming king laid the foundation of his new colonial power especially in the sea to the east of Italy, the more northern waters of which now became, for the first time, subject to a Greek maritime power.  About the year 367, Dionysius occupied and colonized the port of Lissus and island of Issa on the Illyrian coast, and the ports of Ancona, Numana, and Atria, on the coast of Italy.  The memory of the Syracusan dominion in this remote region is preserved not only by the “trenches of Philistus,” a canal constructed at the mouth of the Po beyond doubt by the well-known historian and friend of Dionysius who spent the years of his exile (368 et seq.) at Atria, but also by the alteration in the name of the Italian eastern sea itself, which from this time forth, instead of its earlier designation of the “Ionic Gulf",(3) received the appellation still current at the present day, and probably referable to these events, of the