47.  II.  VIII.  Transmarine Commerce

48.  II.  VII.  The Full Roman Franchise

49.  II.  VI.  Battle of Sentinum

50.  II.  III.  The Burgess-Body

51.  II.  VIII.  Impulse Given to It

52.  II.  III.  New Opposition

53.  II.  VII.  Attempts at Peace

CHAPTER IX

Art and Science

The Roman National Festival—­ The Roman Stage

The growth of art, and of poetic art especially, in antiquity was intimately associated with the development of national festivals.  The thanksgiving-festival of the Roman community, which had been already organized in the previous period essentially under Greek influence and in the first instance as an extraordinary festival, —­the -ludi maximi- or -Romani-,(1) —­acquired during the present epoch a longer duration and greater variety in the amusements.  Originally limited to one day, the festival was prolonged by an additional day after the happy termination of each of the three great revolutions of 245, 260, and 387, and thus at the close of this period it had already a duration of four days.(2)

A still more important circumstance was, that, probably on the institution of the curule aedileship (387) which was from the first entrusted with the preparation and oversight of the festival,(3) it lost its extraordinary character and its reference to a special vow made by the general, and took its place in the series of the ordinary annually recurring festivals as the first of all.  Nevertheless the government adhered to the practice of allowing the spectacle proper —­namely the chariot-race, which was the principal performance—­to take place not more than once at the close of the festival.  On the other days the multitude were probably left mainly to furnish amusement for themselves, although musicians, dancers, rope-walkers, jugglers, jesters and such like would not fail to make their appearance on the occasion, whether hired or not But about the year 390 an important change occurred, which must have stood in connection with the fixing and prolongation of the festival, that took place perhaps about the same time.  A scaffolding of boards was erected at the expense of the state in the Circus for the first three days, and suitable representations were provided on it for the entertainment of the multitude.  That matters might not be carried too far however in this way, a fixed sum of 200,000 -asses- (2055 pounds) once for all appropriated from the exchequer for the expenses of the festival; and the sum was not increased up to the period of the Punic wars.  The aediles, who had to expend this sum, were obliged to defray any additional amount out of their own pockets; and it is not probable that they at this time contributed often or considerably from their own resources.  That the new stage was generally under Greek influence, is proved by its very name (-scaena-, —­skene—­).  It was no doubt at first designed merely for musicians and buffoons of all sorts, amongst whom the dancers to the flute, particularly those then so celebrated from Etruria, were probably the most distinguished; but a public stage had at any rate now arisen in Rome and it soon became open also to the Roman poets.