25.  II.  IV.  South Etruria Roman

26.  II.  VI.  Consolidation of the Roman Rule in Central Italy

27.  II.  VI.  Last Struggles of Samnium

28.  II.  V. Complete Submission of the Volscian and Campanian Provinces

29.  II.  V. Complete Submission of the Volscian and Campanian Provinces

30.  That Tusculum as it was the first to obtain passive burgess-rights (ii.  V. Crises within the Romano-Latin League) was also the first to exchange these for the rights of full burgesses, is probable in itself and presumably it is in the latter and not in the former respect that the town is named by Cicero (pro Mur. 8, 19) -municipium antiquissimum-.

31.  II.  V. Complete Submission of the Volscian and Campanian Provinces

32.  II.  IV.  South Etruria Roman

33. -V.  Cervio A. f. cosol dedicavit- and -lunonei Quiritri sacra.  C. Falcilius L. f. consol dedicavit-.

34.  According to the testimony of Cicero (pro Caec. 35) Sulla gave to the Volaterrans the former -ius- of Ariminum, that is—­adds the orator—­the -ius- of the “twelve colonies” which had not the Roman -civitas- but had full -commercium- with the Romans.  Few things have been so much discussed as the question to what places this -ius- of the twelve towns refers; and yet the answer is not far to seek.  There were in Italy and Cisalpine Gaul—­laying aside some places that soon disappeared again—­thirty-four Latin colonies established in all.  The twelve most recent of these—­Ariminum, Beneventum, Firmum, Aesernia, Brundisium, Spoletium, Cremona, Placentia, Copia, Valentia, Bononia, and Aquileia—­are those here referred to; and because Ariminum was the oldest of these and the town for which this new organization was primarily established, partly perhaps also because it was the first Roman colony founded beyond Italy, the -ius- of these colonies rightly took its name from Ariminum.  This at the same time demonstrates the truth of the view—­which already had on other grounds very high probability—­that all the colonies established in Italy (in the wider sense of the term) after the founding of Aquileia belonged to the class of burgess-colonies.

We cannot fully determine the extent to which the curtailment of the rights of the more recent Latin towns was carried, as compared with the earlier.  If intermarriage, as is not improbable but is in fact anything but definitely established (i. 132; Diodor. p. 590, 62, fr.  Vat. p. 130, Dind.), formed a constituent element of the original federal equality of rights, it was, at any rate, no longer conceded to the Latin colonies of more recent origin.

35.  II.  V. League with the Hernici

36.  II.  VI.  Pacification of Campania

37.  II.  VI.  Victory of the Romans

38.  II.  VII.  The War in Italy Flags