Greek states in Lower Italy advanced from the pure clan-constitution to a modified one, which placed the preponderance in the hands of the landholders, we shall recognize in that movement the impulse which called forth in Rome the Servian reform—­a change of constitution resting in the main on the same fundamental idea, and only directed into a somewhat different course by the strictly monarchical form of the Roman state.(13)

Notes for Book I Chapter VI

1.  I. V. Dependents of the Household

2. -Habuit plebem in clientelas principium descriptam-.  Cicero, de Rep. ii. 9.

3.  I. III.  The Latin League

4.  The enactments of the Twelve Tables respecting -usus- show clearly that they found the civil marriage already in existence.  In like manner the high antiquity of the civil marriage is clearly evident from the fact that it, equally with the religious marriage, necessarily involved the marital power (v.  The House-father and His Household), and only differed from the religious marriage as respected the manner in which that power was acquired.  The religious marriage itself was held as the proprietary and legally necessary form of acquiring a wife; whereas, in the case of civil marriage, one of the general forms of acquiring property used on other occasions—­delivery on the part of a person entitled to give away, or prescription—­was requisite in order to lay the foundation of a valid marital power.

5.  I. V. The House-father and His Household.

6. -Hufe-, hide, as much as can be properly tilled with one plough, called in Scotland a plough-gate.

7.  For the same reason, when the levy was enlarged after the admission of the Hill-Romans, the equites were doubled, while in the infantry force instead of the single “gathering” (-legio-) two legions were called out (vi.  Amalgamation of the Palatine and Quirinal Cities).

8.  I. IV.  Oldest Settlements In the Palatine and Suburan Regions

9.  I. V. Burdens of the Burgesses

10. -velites-, see v.  Burdens of the Burgesses, note

11.  I. V. Rights of the Burgesses

12.  Even about 480, allotments of land of seven -jugera- appeared to those that received them small (Val.  Max. iii. 3, 5; Colum. i, praef. 14; i. 3, ii; Plin.  H. N. xviii. 3, 18:  fourteen -jugera-, Victor, 33; Plutarch, Apophth.  Reg. et Imp. p. 235 Dubner, in accordance with which Plutarch, Crass. 2, is to be corrected).

A comparison of the Germanic proportions gives the same result.  The -jugerum- and the -morgen- [nearly 5/8 of an English acre], both originally measures rather of labour than of surface, may be looked upon as originally identical.  As the German hide consisted ordinarily of 30, but not unfrequently of 20 or 40 -morgen-, and the homestead frequently, at least among the Anglo-Saxons, amounted to a tenth of the hide, it will appear, taking into account the diversity of climate and the size of the Roman -heredium- of 2 -jugera-, that the hypothesis of a Roman hide of 20 -jugera- is not unsuitable to the circumstances of the case.  It is to be regretted certainly that on this very point tradition leaves us without precise information.