means of historical testimony, but only by a priori inference, and whose nationality cannot be shown to have undergone any radical change from external causes.  To establish the national individuality of these is the first aim of our inquiry.  In such an inquiry, had we nothing to fall back upon but the chaotic mass of names of tribes and the confusion of what professes to be historical tradition, the task might well be abandoned as hopeless.  The conventionally received tradition, which assumes the name of history, is composed of a few serviceable notices by civilized travellers, and a mass of mostly worthless legends, which have usually been combined with little discrimination of the true character either of legend or of history.  But there is another source of tradition to which we may resort, and which yields information fragmentary but authentic; we mean the indigenous languages of the stocks settled in Italy from time immemorial.  These languages, which have grown with the growth of the peoples themselves, have had the stamp of their process of growth impressed upon them too deeply to be wholly effaced by subsequent civilization.  One only of the Italian languages is known to us completely; but the remains which have been preserved of several of the others are sufficient to afford a basis for historical inquiry regarding the existence, and the degrees, of family relationship among the several languages and peoples.

In this way philological research teaches us to distinguish three primitive Italian stocks, the Iapygian, the Etruscan, and that which we shall call the Italian.  The last is divided into two main branches,—­the Latin branch, and that to which the dialects of the Umbri, Marsi, Volsci, and Samnites belong.

Iapygians

As to the Iapygian stock, we have but little information.  At the south-eastern extremity of Italy, in the Messapian or Calabrian peninsula, inscriptions in a peculiar extinct language(1) have been found in considerable numbers; undoubtedly remains of the dialect of the Iapygians, who are very distinctly pronounced by tradition also to have been different from the Latin and Samnite stocks.  Statements deserving of credit and numerous indications lead to the conclusion that the same language and the same stock were indigenous also in Apulia.  What we at present know of this people suffices to show clearly that they were distinct from the other Italians, but does not suffice to determine what position should be assigned to them and to their language in the history of the human race.  The inscriptions have not yet been, and it is scarcely to be expected that they ever will be, deciphered.  The genitive forms, -aihi- and -ihi-, corresponding to the Sanscrit -asya- and the Greek —­oio—­, appear to indicate that the dialect belongs to the Indo-Germanic family.  Other indications, such as the use of the aspirated consonants and the avoiding