7.  Nothing is more significant in this respect than the close connection of agriculture with marriage and the foundation of cities during the earliest epoch of culture.  Thus the gods in Italy immediately concerned with marriage are Ceres and (or?) Tellus (Plutarch, Romul. 22; Servius on Aen. iv. 166; Rossbach, Rom.  Ehe, 257, 301), in Greece Demeter (Plutarch, Conjug.  Praec. init.); in old Greek formulas the procreation of children is called —­arotos—­(ii.  The Family and the State, note); indeed the oldest Roman formof marriage, -confarreatio-, derives its name and its ceremony from the cultivation of corn.  The use of the plough in the founding of cities is well known.

8.  Among the oldest names of weapons on both sides scarcely any can be shown to be certainly related; -lancea-, although doubtless connected with -logchei-, is, as a Roman word, recent, and perhaps borrowed from the Germans or Spaniards.

9.  Even in details this agreement appears; e.g., in the designation of lawful wedlock as “marriage concluded for the obtaining of lawful children” (—­gauos epi paidon gneision aroto—­, -matrimonium liberorum quaerendorum causa-).

10.  Only we must, of course, not forget that like pre-existing conditions lead everywhere to like institutions.  For instance, nothing is more certain than that the Roman plebeians were a growth originating within the Roman commonwealth, and yet they everywhere find their counterpart where a body of -metoeci- has arisen alongside of a body of burgesses.  As a matter of course, chance also plays in such cases its provoking game.

CHAPTER III

The Settlements of the Latins

Indo-Germanic Migrations

The home of the Indo-Germanic stock lay in the western portion of central Asia; from this it spread partly in a south-eastern direction over India, partly in a northwestern over Europe.  It is difficult to determine the primitive seat of the Indo-Germans more precisely:  it must, however, at any rate have been inland and remote from the sea, as there is no name for the sea common to the Asiatic and European branches.  Many indications point more particularly to the regions of the Euphrates; so that, singularly enough, the primitive seats of the two most important civilized stocks, —­the Indo-Germanic and the Aramaean,—­almost coincide as regards locality.  This circumstance gives support to the hypothesis that these races also were originally connected, although, if there was such a connection, it certainly must have been anterior to all traceable development of culture and language.  We cannot define more exactly their original locality, nor are we able to accompany the individual stocks in the course of their migrations.  The European branch probably lingered in Persia and Armenia for some considerable time after the departure of the Indians; for, according