Notes for Book I Chapter XIV

1.  I. II.  Indo-Germanic Culture

2.  I. II.  Indo-Germanic Culture

3.  I. XII.  Inland Commerce of the Italians

4.  I. II.  Agriculture

5.  I. XII.  Priests

6.  Originally both the -actus-, “riving,” and its still more frequently occurring duplicate, the -jugerum-, “yoking,” were, like the German “morgen,” not measures of surface, but measures of labour; the latter denoting the day’s work, the former the half-day’s work, with reference to the sharp division of the day especially in Italy by the ploughman’s rest at noon.

7.  I. XIII.  Etrusco-Attic and Latino-Sicilian Commerce

8.  I. XII.  Nature of the Roman Gods

9.  From the same cause all the festival-days are odd, as well those recurring every month (-kalendae- on the 1st. -nonae- on the 5th or 7th, -idus- on the 13th or 15th), as also, with but two exceptions, those of the 45 annual festivals mentioned above (xii.  Oldest Table Of Roman Festivals).  This is carried so far, that in the case of festivals of several days the intervening even days were dropped out, and so, for example, that of Carmentis was celebrated on Jan. 11, 15, that of the Grove-festival (-Lucaria-) on July 19, 21, and that of the Ghosts-festival on May 9, 11, and 13.

10.  I. XIV.  Decimal System

11.  The history of the alphabet among the Hellenes turns essentially on the fact that—­assuming the primitive alphabet of 23 letters, that is to say, the Phoenician alphabet vocalized and enlarged by the addition of the -"id:u” —­proposals of very various kinds were made to supplement and improve it, and each of these proposals has a history of its own.  The most important of these, which it is interesting to keep in view as bearing on the history of Italian writing, are the following:—­I.  The introduction of special signs for the sounds —­“id:xi” —­“id:phi” —­“id:chi”.  This proposal is so old that all the Greek alphabets—­with the single exception of that of the islands Thera, Melos, and Crete—­and all alphabets derived from the Greek without exception, exhibit its influence.  At first probably the aim was to append the signs —­“id:Chi” = —­“id:xi iota”, —­“id:Phi” = —­“id:phi iota”, and —­“id:Psi"= —­“id:chi iota” to the close of the alphabet, and in this shape it was adopted on the mainland of Hellas—­with the exception of Athens and Corinth—­and also among the Sicilian and Italian Greeks.  The Greeks of Asia Minor on the other hand, and those of the islands of the Archipelago, and also the Corinthians on the mainland appear, when this proposal reached them, to have already had in use for the sound —­“id:xi iota” the fifteenth sign of the Phoenician alphabet —­“id:XI” (Samech); accordingly of the three new signs they adopted the —­“id:Phi” for —­“id:phi iota”, but employed